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PURSH’S 
JOURNAL 





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JOURNAL 


OF A 


Botanical Excursion 


IN. THE 


Northeastern Parts of the States of 
Pennsylvania and New York 
During the Year 1807 


By FREDERICK PURSH 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 





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BRINCKLOE & MAROT, Printers | es 
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mi © 28 199% 
EDITED BY 


Rev. Wm. M. Beauchamp, S.TD., LLD. 


SYRACUSE, N. Y. 


FOR THE 


Onondaga Historical Association 
1923 





REPRINTED BY 
THE DEHLER PRESS 
SYRACUSE, N. Y. 





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INTRODUCTION 


The manuscript journal of the eminent botanist, Fred- 
erick Pursh, came into the possession of the American 
Philosophical Society, among some papers accompanying 
the herbarium of the late Dr. B. S. Barton. 

An entry occurs on the first page of thig manuscript, 
made probably by the executor of Dr. B., viz: “MS Journal 
of a Botanical Excursion in the Northeastern parts of 
Pennsylvania and in the State of New York, By an unknown 
person who appears to have been a German, & a friend of 
the late Dr. Benj. S. Barton. Found among the Books of 
Dr. Barton after his death in 1819.” 


Being the acting Librarian of the Society, this interesting 
little volume has recently fallen under my eye, [and] my 
attention was directed to the following remark which occurs 
under date of July 20th, by a gentleman who had previously, 
and casually read the manuscript: 

“Mr. Geddeg brought me to a deep valley, about one mile 
from his house, where we ascended a steep, very rocky hill; 
there large masses of rock seem to be piled up or tumbled 
over one and another in such a confused manner, that it has 
left large chasms between them, which sometimes appear 
like caves.” 


After enumerating a number of plants collected, he con- 
tinues: ‘And what I thought most of, Asplenium scolopen- 
drium. This Fern, which I don’t find mentioned by any one 
to grow in America, I always had a notion to be found here, 
and indeed I was quite rejoiced to find my prejudice so well 
founded in truth.” | 

And upon reading the observations of Mr. Paine, in the 
American Journal of Sciences and Arts, for September, 
1866, on the discovery of the Scolopendrium officinarum by 
Mr. Pursh, and connecting and comparing the two para- 
graphs, the paternity of the MS. proved to be that of Mr. 
Pursh. But there are other confirmatory evidences of this 
fact. The Journalist relates that he had written to Dr. 
Barton—had received letters from him on several occasions, 
conveying the means for prosecuting his explorations, and 


4 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


that he had consigned packages of plants to Dr. Barton 
from time to time. To settle the point, reference is made 
to the following paragraph, in the Preface to F. Pursh’s 
“Flora Americe septentrionis,” p. vill: 


“Within this period I had also formed a connection with 
Dr. Benjamin S. Barton, Professor of Botany in the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, &c., whose industrious researches 
in all the different branches of Natural History are so well 
known to the literary world. . . . I was enabled by the 
kind assistance of this gentleman to take a more extensive 
range for my botanical excursions.” 


“The following season, 1806), (1807 evidently—the labels 
on the original plants in the herbarium, also an entry in 
the MS. bear that date), I went in like manner over the 
Northern States, beginning with the mountains of Penngy]l- 
vania, and extending to those of New Hampshire.” 


Having obtained permission of the Society, this Journal 
is now published. 


The terse, quaint, simple and peculiar language renders 
it the more interesting. It exhibits the character of the 
man in the light of an outspoken, kind-hearted person. To 
alter and anglicize its idiomatic phrases—to correct the 
many misspelt words, or change the structure of the sen- 
tences, would deprive it of half its interest. I therefore 
purpose giving it verbatim et literatim, and conceive the 
perusal cannot fail to please, amuse and instruct. 

Mr. Pursh was born at Tobolski, in Siberia, and was edu- 
cated at Dresden. He resided in this country from 1799 to 
-1811. During which time he made various botanical excur- 
sions. He went to England and published his Flora. He 
returned to America, and while engaged in collecting 
material for a Canadian Flora, died at Montreal, JUNE 11, 
1820, aged 46 years. . THOS P. JAMES. 


(On the next page the Journal will begin and this will be 
followed separately, by my notes, and this by Onondaga 
Indian names of trees and plants, and this by P.’s names 
of Onondaga and Oswego plants, concluding with my brief 
notes on Mrs. L. L. Goodrich’s “Plants of Onongaga 
County,” published a few years before her lamented death. 
Several plants have been added to our local flora since its 
publication, and these will be added in my notes. W. M. B.) 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 


May 26.—Prepared myself for the yourney, & but my 
things to the stage office, in which place I stayd over night. 


27.—At 4 o’clock this morning we left Philadelphia, the 
stage being remarkable full of passengers & goods, which 
made it very disagreable travelling; the road about 25. m. 
from the city got bad & hilly; we brok down the stage twice, 
but lukyly without any injury to us; arrived at 10 o’clock 
in the evening at Easton. Took up lodging at Abraham 
Horn’s Sign of the Golden Swan. All this day I dit not 
observe anything in flower what I had not seen about 
Philada. 


28.—The cramp ride in so full a stage, & the unaccus- 
tomed shaking of the body by the bad, rough roads made me 
feel more sore & stiff as I would have been if travelled on 
foot. I delivered my letter to Judge Wagener, who prom- 
ised to give me all assistance in his power. Crossed the 
Lehigh and ascended a very steep rock opposite the town; 
vegetation here seemed to be somewhat later than at 
Philada. In flower, Sisyrinchium mucronatum. Mx.; 
Azalea nudifl., Cornus Florida, Cerastium vulgatum & 
glabrum P., Carex, 2 or 3 species, Arabis lyrata, Veronica. 
arvensis & sedpyllifolia, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Senecio 
obovatus, Muhl., Viola palmata, pedata, cucullata, Erigeron 
pulchellum, Mx.; Krigia Virginica, Phlox subulata, Gera- 
nium maculatum, Oxalis corniculata, Potentilla repens. 
This plant I never could satisfy myself about its species; it. 
grows very common about Philada. on dry hills. 


= 


The hills about here are generally covered with Hemlock, 
Spruce and Cedars, mixed with Oak. Beginning to flower 
—Hydrophyllus canadense, Arneraria setacea, Muhlb., 
Seandix dulcis. Out of flower—Mitella diphylla, Arabis 
faleata. 

On a walk up the Lehigh I observed nothing remarkable 
—a few trees of the Nazareth Quercus macrocarpa, on a hill 
about two miles from town. 


29.—Took an excursion up the Bushkill Creek. Observed 


6 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


the former plants, together with Aquilegia canadensis. 
Senecio obovatus very frequently occurs here without ray, 
& seems to be at first appearance a very different plant. 
Crategus glandulosa, Oxalis violacea, Convallaria polygona- 
tum (?) & racemosa; Hypoxis erecta, a species of Silene, 
Lithospermum arvense in great plenty; a species of Viola 
with very long spur, not described, but if I am not mistaken 
I have seen this plant in the collection of Mr. Hamilton 
among the rarities of the mountains. In the same range 
of hilly I observed another species, a much taller plant & the 
spur shorter and thicker, which I supposed to be the V. de- 
bilis, Mx. The banks of this Creek are covered with Hem- 
lock, Oak, Hickory, & here and there, Betula lanulosa. I 
found a few bushes of Direa palustris, which I did not ex- 
pect here. The banks are covered with Cacaliareniformis 
—Hypoxis trecta in flower. 


30.—Mr. Wagner was endeavoring to get me an oppor- 
tunity of getting my trunk forwarded beyond the Water 
Gap; about noon we found a wagon going that way & I sent 
it off, intending to go to-morrow the same rout. After din- 
ner I took an excursion on the Yergey side, but observed 
nothing new. I ascended two very steep rocks below Easton 
near the river, which convinced me so much the more in my 
Idea which I had made before, of the River Delaware having 
been of a much larger size in former ages then it is now. 
The bed of the river is plainly seen, & the fields on the east 
side are covered with rounted stones, similar to a river get- 
ting dry; those fields may extend about half a mile, & in 
some places a mile & a half, & are about 20. to 40. feet 
higher than the highest fresh now showing. The rocks I 
had ascended seem to have been Islands nearly in the mid- 
dle of the old river, & have all the signs of their sides having 
been washed upwards of 50. feet high from the water, if not 
a great deal more. These rocks are covered with ferns of 
the common sorts, & shrubby trees common to this neigh- 
borhood. The view from those rocks is most charming— 
the neat town of Easton with its surrounding hills, the junc- 
tion of the Lehigh with the Delaware, on the last of which 
an elegant new bridge has been erected on the same plan as 
the one over the Schuylkill at Philada., & the view of the 
distant mountains over all this is most charming. 


31.—Early this morning I left Easton, the weather very 


PURSH’S JOURNAL ih y 7 


‘sultry & warm; by the time I came to Richmond, about 13. 
m. from Easton where I took dinner, I was overtaken by a 
thunder shower, which continued very severe for two or 
three hours, & afterward turned into a drizling rain; being 
prevented so long from going on & having about 13 or 14. 
m. to travel to the place where I had sent my trunk to, I 
thought it best to stay over night & take my leisure in going 
through the gap, which I was very anxious to examine 
strictly. On my road to Richmond I observed nothing new. 
‘The Podophyllum was in full flower. The road goes all the 
way over barren and dry hills, producing the same plants in 
general as near Philada. 


Jun. 1.—When I got up, I found it very cloudy, with 
‘drizling rain; after breakfast it looked somewhat better. I 
took the road, but I had not went past 4. m. it began to rain 
again pretty hard; about two miles farther I came to a pub- 
lick house on the River, where I stood for some time to get 
dry & let the rain over, wishing very much to come to my 
trunk beyond the gap, I ventured out again, at the distance 
of about 2 miles the road began to get interesting, being on 
the foot of the mountain which forms the Water gap; But 
I was very much disappointed in my intention of spending 
a good part of the day here, the rain beginning again very 
hard, I had to make the best & the quickest of my road. I 
observed nothing new, a species of White Violet with thick 
cordated leaves I think I have seen before; on the rocks I 
found Nephrodium lanosum Mx. & Spirea trifoliata for the 
first time in flower this season; a species of Erigeron is very 
plenty here, but suppose it nothing else than E. purpuras- 
cengs. The scenery of this gap did not answer my expecta- 
tions in grandeur; the mountain makes a very spacious 
opening for the river & the declivities of the rocks & hills 
on both sides are not deep, but very gradually descending, 
so much so that I thought I could ascend it in any place re- 
quired. Since I had to be in a hurry, on account of the 
weather, I determined to return some day this week back to 
it, & have an attentive examination. I arrived after a short 
but disagreeable day’s travelling at Mr. Houser’s, where I 
found my trunk. This place is about 2 miles from the gap, 
& I have chosen it for a place of making my stand for excur- 
sions in this neighborhood, as long as I think it worth my 
while. 


8 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


2.—This morning still rainy; about 10 o’clock it seemed 
to clear off; took an excursion on some of the hills & along 
the Smithfield creek; Ranunculus philonotis, Anemone 
thalictroides, &c. in flower; on the creek I seen the Acer- 
glaucum with its seed shed; this maple seems to be a differ- 
ent species, though in general taken as a variety. Justicia 
pedunculosa in great plenty just sprouting up. The sandy 
banks covered with Equisetum hyemale & arvense, Scrophu- 
laria nodosa? (flowering). 


After dinner I took an excursion up the Delaware on the 
road to the Manysinks. I begin to despair of getting any- 
thing interesting in this quarter, even the plants common to 
the banks of the Schuylkill, which are any ways interesting, 
I don’t observe here; it is an arid slate & lime stone barren, 
though very finely timbered. However I expect to try to 
morrow the gap again, if the weather will permit it. 


3.—This morning I set out for the Gap; I ascended the 
west side of the mountain in several places, to have the ad- 
vantage of all kinds of situations, but my expectations of 
this place were still disappointed. A very rapid run, which 
makes beautiful little cascades, & nearly rises at the top of 
the mountain, was the place where I expected to see some- 
thing new; but after all pains & trouble I found it to be the 
old story again. I made the following list of all the plants 
in their order, as I observed them. The Geranium Robertia- 
num is the only plant I think not common; it grows in great 
plenty on wet rocks & makes a very handsome appearance. 
The banks of the river are covered with Hemlock, Black 
Birch, Beach, Chestnut, Hickory, Walnut, Carpinus, Oaks, 
&c., in great variety, & the sides of the hill with the same 
timber in proportion to their more or less fertile soil. 


I found in full flower Potentilla reptans, Rubus trivialis, 
Geranium maculatum—Fragaria virgin. Viola palmata, 
Erigeron bellifol, Cerastium vulgatum, Arabis lyrata, Sani- 
cula marylandica (b.) Menispermum canadense, (b) Ra- 
nunculus abortivus, Houstonia ccerulea, Spergulastrum 
lanuginosum? Mx., Rubus odoratus (b) Aquilegia canad., 
Henchera americ., (b.) Oxalis stricta, Myosotis virgin ?— 
Veronica agrestis, Oxalis violacea, corniculata, Hieracium 
venosum (bf.) Rumex acetosella, Cratzegus coccinea, Leon- 
todon Taraxacum, Anemone thalictriodes, Aralia nudicaul, 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 9 


A. racemosa, Smyrnium integerr., Panax quinque folia (b.), 
Medeola Virgin. three of the stamina, which are placed 
alternate with the inside petals, are longer than the three 
which are opposite them. The three side stigma is sessile. 
—Poa trivialis, viridis, compressa, Elymus canadensis 
without flower. 


In seed—Thalictrum dioicum, Sanguinaria, Saxifraga 
virginiensis, Betula lanulosa, Mispilus canadensis, Acer 
glaucum, Gnaphalium plantagincum, Arabis faleata, Azalea 
nudif. 


Without flowers—Rhus tryphinum, radicans, Verbascum 
Thapsus, Rubus sp., Actea racemosa, Clematis virginica, 
Ampelopsis quinquef., Allium cernuum, Eupatorium perfo- 
liatum, ageratoides, Rosa, Hypericum perforatum, Collin- 
sonia, Impatiens, Marrubium vulgare, Sambucus, Mentha, 
Lysimachia quadrifolia, Pernanthes, Kalmia latifolia (b.) 
Rhododendron maxim., Veronica virg., Ptelea trifol, Spireea 
salicifolia, Sonchus spec., called Lyonsheart, good for the 
snake bite, taken in milk. 


The species of ferns I obesrved were Nephrodium thelyp- 
teroides, achrostrichoides, marginale, lanosum, bulbiferum, 
punctilobulum, Filix femina, Adiantum pedatum, Polypo- 
dium vulgare, Asplenium trichomanoides, Trichomanes, 
Osmunda interrupta, cinnamomea, Pteris aquilina, atropur- 
purea, Onoclea sensibilis, Marchantia, a species new to me. 


I went three miles beyond the gap and, as I found it use- 
less to clime up the mountain any longer, I thought to pay 
all attention to the situation of the gap & its turns in my 
return; accordingly, after taken some refreshment at Dills’s 
ferry, I followed the main road through the gap; this ferry 
is three miles from the mountain. About here the River 
runs from N. N. W. (the direction of the River were taken 
with a simple small pocket compass, not noticing the varia- 
tions). The banks high & the ground covered with loose 
stone, mixed with rounded off peples of all sizes. The 
Yersey shore seems to be lower & not much broken. One 
mile further on from the ferry a chain of high hills comes 
at some distance towards the shore, on both sides of the 
water. Two miles from the ferry the shore very steep, cov- 
ered with Rhododendron, &c., great quantitys of loose stone, 
woren by the water. The chain of hills draws closer to the 


10 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


water; about three miles from the ferry the gap begins; the 
kind of bottom land which lays between the water & the 
high hills, is of a sandy slaty nature, mixed with rounded 
peples. A considerable large Island lays at the mouth of 
the gap; The River runs more from the north; The main 
ridge of mountains, through which it breaks is about a mile 
over, & the two faces of the mountain, in respect to their 
strata, quit corresponding. Those strata make about an 
angle of nearly 45° from N. W. to S. E. & consist of indu- 
rates lime stone granit. Within about 40 yards apparently 
from the top, the face of these rocks is rotten slate; which 
cuts off on both sides into a straight line; this slate cannot 
lay under granit, but must have been a vain, on which the 
water worked & made the present bed of the River. 


[The diarist here gives a rough sketch.]| 

After passing this place the side of the mountain forms 
the banks of the river & an artificial road leads along the 
steep banks; the river soon after hag its course more from 
the N. W. & keeps in this direction more or less for a mile & 
a half, where an island is by which it turns more from N. 
After passing 2 miles along this close mountain road, the 
valley opens into a kind of a bottom, terminates, & sur- 
rounded by hills & the river, which keeps now close to the 
main ridge, receives several large creeks, coming from all 
directions. In this bottom is the house of Mr. Howser, 
where I but up at; it is called 6. miles to Dills’s ferry, from 
where I began my description. 


Jun. 4.—This day I made some small excursions about the 
neighborhood of Mr. Howser’s. Having been pretty much 
fatigued yesterday, & intending to go to Minisinks tomor- 
row, I dit not do much; but even the little I was about con- 
vinced me more & more that this were not a place for new 
discoveries. The Ideas which I have allways formed about 
the valleys beyond the blue ridge of having been large rivers 
or lakes, still come with more proofs to my mind; the water 
gap, which probably has been a large cascade in former 
ages, & the country behind it, have so much weight in this 
conjecture ag any I know; a well which old Mr. Howser dug 
about 40. feet, the house standing on an elevated spot may 
be 80 or 100 feet above the river, was found to be entirely 
river sand, which still can be seen on the bank raised there- 
with. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 11 


Jun. 5.—This morning I set out on an excursion up the 
River. I had to call on a man who took my trunk from 
Easton here, who had told me, that in his neighborhood was 
a very rich valley; J went through it, to his house about 8. 
m. from Howser’s, but observed nothing materially new; a 
svecies of Ranunculus with very long limber branches, 
which I suppose to be the R. repens & a Viola like the debilis 
of Michx; which grows near Mr. Johnes’s mill in Blockley. 
At the house of Mr. Coolbaugh, the man above mentioned, 
I took dinner, & a man coming who wanted to go as far as 
the beginning of Minnisink that night, I availed myself of 
the opportunity of having company, to get there this night 
yet. We had about 19. or 20. m. to come to the place of his 
destination, it being one o’clock when we left the tavern, & 
yet we reached it before it was quit dark; when we came 
within 6. or 7. m. of it it began to rain very hard, but we 
kept travelling on. The Minisinks I flrst understood were 
on the Pennsylvania side; but there is no such thing; the 
country called so lays in Sussex county, New Yersey & ex- 
tends from the New York line about 16. or 18. m. down the 
river, & about from 3 to 11 m back. This course I seen 
nothing new, the hills along the road are covered close with 
timber & Cimicifuga serpentaria (Actzea racemosa) Aralia 
nudiflora & here & there patches of Podophyllum, here 
called Mandarach, mixed with abundance of Houstonia 
coerulea & other common plants of similar situation, are the 
only cover of the ground. We crossed the river at dark & 
took up lodging at Mr. Ennis’s, who keeps a ferry & a house 
much frequented by the raftsmen. It looked very much for 
a heavy & settled rain. 


sun. 6.—Rain all day, my anxiety of seeing this place was 
disappointed for to day, but being pretty much fatigued, I 
expected that the disagreeable rest I had in a house I did 
not much like, would still be so more to my advantage; I 
slept most all day. 


Jun. 7.—Sunday. Set out for an excursion up Delaware 
through the Minisinks. Following nearly the banks of the 
river, without road, I expected to see something interesting 
—but nothing occurred tome. In several places the Salsola 
grows in the sands, Cistus canadensis beginning to flower— 
I went up as far as the line of New York. Crossed the 


12 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


River & went down it to a small village called Millford; here 
I stood over night. 


N. B.—The soil through this part of Minisink is similar 
to the lower part of Yersey. The banks are covered with 
Silver or White maple, Prunus virg., Tilia americana, 
Platanus & Chestnut Oaks, Humulus lupulus, Celastrus, 
Uvularia perfoli in flower. ‘ 


Jun. 8.—Shortly before I left this to return to Ennis’s, 
down the river, I learned that a Post office were kept in the 
tavern I had stopped: I wrote a few lines to Dr. Barton to 
inform him of my progresses in a few words: I set out from 
here, along the banks of the river on a very interesting road, 
going sometimes along a precipice of immense height down 
to the river. Millford lays on Saw Creek 1. m. below a small 
creek call’d White brook; 4 or 5 lower down the Connechea- 
gue. 6m. lower Reamannskill—from there to Dingmanns 
bushkill—along the river hills Tragopogon virginicum, a 
very hand some coloured plant, Serophularia nodosa; here I 
took an excursion up through the mountains, which are very 
high here: The berries of Gaultheria ripe, very good eat- 
ing. On the highest knob, which was exceeding barren, I 
found Lycopodium rupestre. The Pyrola umbellata, called 
here Princess pine—Cistus canadensis. In descending the 
top I came to plenty of Kalmia angustifolia, & soon after to 
a gpringy piece of ground which led me to a stream of 
water, which finally forms a beautiful Cascade, which I ad- 
mired the more as I was very dry & the water most excel- 
lent. A great abundance of the different sort of ferns & 
mosses common to wet shady places cover the rocks, & 
Arum triphyllum in full flower, with several other common 
plants. At Dingmanns I crossed the river, over to Ennis’s, 
where I, after a long & fatiguing journey, arrived late in 
the evening. This day I killed a monstrous large snake, 
which I seen likewise in Virginia, called there Black Viper; 
here they call it blowing Atter; it is not common, but I was 
not able to examine it, partly for want of time & chiefly on 
account of the most horrid smell it emitted; they are said to 
be very poisenous, but on opening the mouth I could not 
observe the structure of that kind in her teeth. 


Jun. 9.—After breakfast I took to the road on my return 
tu the water gap; going the same road as I had come up the 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 


River, the day exceeding warm & the fatigues of yesterday 
made me feel itso much the more. I took my course several 
times up the water courses to the mountains, but observed 
nothing interesting. IJ arrived in the afternoon at Hellers 
on the Bushkill. Here I stood over night; from this place 
I would have to turn off to the beach woods, so I inquired 
for the route, but could not get any satisfactory informa- 
tion. I had to return to Howsers on the Water gap, to sent 
off my trunk from there, so I expected to find information 
by some body there. All the country about here is nothing 
but heaps of mountains, interspersed by small streams of 
water, some of them so wild that there is no access to them; 
the vegetation generally the same as near Philadelphia. 


Jun. 10.—About noon I arrived back at Howsers. Rested 
myself for the rest of the day, to make myself ready to set 
out for the beach woods to morrow. Packed up my trunk & 
made up my wallet to be ready to be absent from my trunk 
for some time; at least untill arived at Tyoga. 


Jun. 11.—I had to wait for an opportunity to sent my 
trunk back to Easton, having no chance of gending it from 
this place to Tyoga; about noon a wagon arrived to go to 
Easton, with which I sent it oft; & immediately after set 
out for my journey. After ripe consideration, & being not 
able to get any good information about the route through 
the beach woods from above the river, I concluded to take 
the route to Wilkesbarre; being besides informed to meet 
with a great part of the route that way, similar to the beach 
woods, and to have to pass the very high mountain Pokono, 
which abounds in very large swamps, I thought it best to 
take that route. I travelled along side a ridge of hills & 
mountains, having a pleasant cultivated valley, bordered by 
the blue ridge to my left hand. I only travelled about 12m. 
to Shafer’s tavern, where the road from Easton comes in. 


The valley along the ridge, though only watered by little 
springs now, seems to have been a bed of a very fine large 
river, which probably emtied itself through the wind gap; 
all the stone found about here are roundet off, by the rolling 
in the bed of this large river; & even large rocks of several 
yards diameter, have the mark of having been worked upon 
by the water. 


12.—I left Shafers’ early in the morning, though, it being 


14 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


very cloudy, I expected it might clear off, but having gone a 
little ways it began to rain & I was obliged to take shelter at 
another public house, only 3m. distance, call’d Huths. It 
formed itself into a rainy day alltogether, & having pro- 
cured an old toren map of the tract of my journey at Mini- 
sink, which I found would all fall to pieces immediately, I 
betuck myself to making a copy of it, which occupied me 
nearly all day. 


(Here Mr. James writes as follows: ‘This veritable 
copy of the map, with the route traced upon it by Mr. Pursh, 
has been presented to the American Philosophical Society, 
by Prof. A. Gray, to whom it was given by Prof. Tucker- 
man, of Amherst College. This gentleman, attending the 
sale of the Botanical Museum of the late Mr. Lambert, pur- 
chased two collections of American plants—one of which 
contained Pursh’s duplicate specimens, and among them 
this map was found. A singular incident where things are 
brought together after a long period of separation: in this 
case a term of 60 years hag elapsed.’’) 


13.—Still rainy; but after breakfast it beginning to look 
likely for clearing oft, I went on towards Pokono mountain, 
only 5m. distance. Frequent showers interrupted me all 
the way. When I came to the foot of the mountain I ob- 
served the Kalmia latifolia beginning to flower. In a wet 
meadow Senecio aureus, Stellaria graminea’? decandria 3 
gynia petalis bifidis—Remains of Trillium erythrocarpum, 
Diervilla,—leafs of Draccena borealis, Pyrola rotundifolia— 
without flowers—Anemone nemorosa, Orchis bifolia? I 
found only one specimen, though I searched for more of 
this singular species of this tribe, but I expect to find a 
chance for more further on. The ascend of the Pokono 
lately has been turnpiked to the top, where they are still 
going on to meet the turnpike through the great swamp. I 
observed nothing particular, but coming to the barrens, in 
the top, I soon found Cornus canadensis fl—Rhodora cana- 
densis grows here in great plenty & might easily been taken 
for Azalea when out of flower; it nearly is done now flower- 
ing: Trientalis sp. I begin to doubt of its being the same as 
the European. This country being so high a spot, I thought 
it worthy of making some stay here, to have a full examina- 
tion of it; accordingly I took lodging at a small hut, newly 
erected there for the accommodation of travellers. After 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 15 


taking some refreshment I took a walk towards the pine 
swamp. 


Those swamps, as far as they are accessible, are full of 
wet holes, filled with Sphagnum and other mosses, between 
which the Cornus, on high hillocks, shows its beautifull 
white flower: Trientaligs in. great plenty—here and there a 
plant of Polygala grandiflora, Walt. fl_—Panax 3-foliata fl. 
Rubus Dalibarda, R. saxatilis?—fl. the Helonias erythros- 
perma Mx. very frequent in more dry situations—just now 
drowing up its flowers,—they call it here Unicorn & say it 
poisens cows & other cattel. A species of Trillium, which 
I think has not been taken notice of by Michaux, & which 
I call T. pictum, on account of the beautifull red stripes 
which the the petals are marked with on their base, grows 
all over these swamps. Kalmia angustifolia is natural to 
these grounds, either wed or dry. It is just beginning to 
flower. A species of Viburnum. In a small run Chryso- 
plenium oppositifolium,—Thesium corymbulosum fl. Vac- 
cinum disomorphum, resinosum, stamineum, pennsylvani- 
cum, in full flower. I observed a species of umbelliferous 
plant very common here, which seemed new tome. Leaves 
of Ephilobium angustifolium as I supposed.—Before even- 
ing I found in a very boggy wet place, among the shade of 
bushes, a species of Convallaria entirely new to me: It has 
a raceme of sparsed white flowers, & from 1 to 3 leaves on 
the stem; its roots go through the sphagnum & mud to such 
a depth, that with all my endeavors I could not get one 
wholly out of the ground. 


Jun. 14.—In sight of this house there appeared a high 
mountain or knob, called Bimble hill, which I was anxious 
to ascend, it being only at a small distance from the place I 
stood at; the landlord & another man made up parthis with 
me, with their rifles, to go up to it & from it to the ponds, 
which are at a small distance from here; in ascending the 
mountain I observed nothing new, the sides & top are com- 
posed of a thin soil over loose stones & rocks; I found on 
~ moist places the Cornus canadensis up to the very top. Dier- 
villa & the common mountain Gooseberry grow among the 
top rocks, though, the country being so very high, I dit not 
observe the Sorbus or Sambucus pubens common to such 
places. On the N. W. side of this mountain several deep 


16 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


holes, like wells, some of them above 30 feet deep, have been 


observed by the hunters; we were in pursuit of them, but 
could not find them; none of the company ever had been upon 
this mountain. The Vaccinium stamineum was here in 
flower in great abundance. 


After having spent some time in examination of the top, 
we descended on the E. side to get to the ponds & Cranberry 
marshes. In coming near to the foot of the hill I observed 
strong plants of the umbelliferous kind above mentioned, 
which soon persuaded me to be nothing else but the Aralia 
hispida, though I don’t know this plant, having never seen 
it, but the habitat shows this to be a species of Aralia; the 
people here call it Swamp Elder. Coming down near the 
ponds I observed several of the former mentioned plants, & 
for the first time in this neighborhood, the Epigzea repens. 
In crossing the main road I observed among the washed 
stones a kind of black lead ore, very heavy & but little apt to 
blacken the things rubbed with it; probably lead may be 
found in this part, if searched for diligently. Dalibarda 
fragaroides, out of flower, grows very frequently on mossy 
hillocks in company of Mitchellarepens—& very often Helle- 
borus trifolius; when we came to the ponds & cranberry 
marshes all my attention was paid to the plants of the spag- 
nous places. These marshes are covered with a thick coat 
of spagnum, floating in a manner on a more or less watery 
mud, which easily gives way & let you sink through one to 
four feet deep; below this a hard and sound bottom is found, 
which makes those places somewhat different from those, of 
a similar description, I have been used to see. At first I 
was somewhat timid, to go through, for fear of sinking 
deeper in, than I would be able to get out again, but finding 
so solid a base we went from one side to the other without 
any danger; the Cranberrys of last year’s growth were now 
in such a condition to make a very agreeable & pleasant re- 
past; I never thought to eat so much of this fruit raw, as I 
dit this day. On the edges towards the water, the Orontium 


aquaticum was in full bloom, which I suppose has been done : 


flowering long ago in the neighborhood of Philada., amongst 
the Cranberry patches the Sarracenia purpurea was begin- 
ning to flower—farther off, & more near to the dry ground 
the Andromeda pulverulenta, & still more farther back 
from it the Kalmia angustifolia made very thick & low cov- 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 17 


ers of the ground:—Here & there I observed some of the 
Larix americana called here Tamarack tree—-& a great deal 
of that kind of Pines called here double spruce; for want of 
descriptions I can not recollect which it is—Several species 
of Carices grew among the moss—& in the ponds itself the 
Nymphea lutea began to show its flowers.—Those ponds 
unite their water & fall down Pokono to furnish one of the 
branches of Lehigh river. This mountain seems to be a 
good deal higher than the blue ridge & its vegetable produc- 
tions show the relation of its climate with that of Canada. 
I dont know whether Rhododora canadensis has been found 
nearer to Philada. than this place but I almost doubt it has. 

15. I intended to leave this, this morning, but it set in 
for rain which made me give up the Idea of leaving it this 
day: I wrote on the letter for Dr. Barton & finished it so as 
to have it ready, if any oportunity of sending it on, should 
offer. About noon it looked for clearing off; I took the 
road, but was soon overtaken by heavy showers which 
obliged me to take up lodging near Tobyhannah creek. Be- 
fore I arrived there I fell in company of a gentleman on 
horseback going to Easton, to whose care I intrusted the 
letter, finished this morning, desiring him to be so kind as 
to but it in the post office there. Nothing remarkable seen 
all this day; as I descended down Pokono, gradually the 
plants, so interesting to me there, left me, one after the 
other, & only more common Pennsyivania plants made the 
cover of the ground. 


16h.—The morning promising a fair day, I was anxious 
of seeing the great Wilkesbarre swamps; after entering it 
I soon found that I would have no more chance than just to 
walk the main road, which is generally made artificially 
with logs & ground on it; the Tiarella cordifolia grows here 
in great plenty; now in full bloom. I observed a white vio- 
let, similar to the one seen in the Water gap, but near to it 
& seemingly connected with the stolones of this, I observed 
leafs & roots of an other species with very large & thick 
leaves, quite different from the one mentioned. Here, for 
the first time, I seen the Oxalis acetosella, as { supposed 
-Michaux calls it; this very handsome flowering species 
seems, to the best of my recollection of the same plant in 
Europe, to be quite another thing; the flowers of this species 
are fare larger, inside white, outside purplish, some quite 





18 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


purple, both with dark purple stripes, which terminate near 
the base of the Lamina in a yellow eye. The flowers of the 
O. acetosella of Europe are clear white, without the stripes” 
or the yellow eye, & far smaler as I recollect; the leaves may 
be the same shape, but as I suppose the specimens of. 
Michaux were compared, in a dryed state & likely bad ones, 
with the European sort, made the error. Tomarix glauca. 
and-sempervirens in full flower. The ground in any open 
place is covered with different species of Fern, Osmundas & 
Nephrodiums of the more common kind. 


I dit not observe any of the Cornus canadensis here, untill 
I had crossed the Lehigh, when I med with a few plants of 
it, & the Convallaria bifolia in full bloom. Here I likewise: 
observed the Azalea nudiflora yet in full flower, which is: 
done, almost everywhere else. The Trientalis is here in 2: 
larger & more european like shape, than I seen it at Pokono. 
—The chief timber of this swamp is, as far as I could see,. 
Hemlock mixed with water beach (Carpinus) Aspen, &c. 
I think even if I would have taken the trouble to penetrate 
for some distance into it, I would not have found any thing” 
more interesting, as I seen along the main road, with but 
very little deviation from it, now and then, when chance & 
oportunity required or allowed it. Late in the evening, 
after crossing several very high ridges, I arrived at Wilkes-. 
barre & took up my quarters at Mr. Fell’s. 


Jun. 17th.—Wilkesbarre lays in a most charming situa-- 
tion, the rich and spacious bottom, which the mountains 
front here, on the Susquehanna is indeed picturesque. I 
have not seen a town in Pennsylvania so pleasantly situated 
as thisis. Harrisburg, on the Susquehannah, is the nearest: 
to it, but by no means equal in every respect; the newly 
opened turnpike to Easton, will bring the trade of the: 
upper part of this river into the Delaware, as the land car- 
riage of all kind of produce will be easier than the very diffi-- 
cult water carriage down the River. 


Early this morning Mr. Fell, who had got an Idea of my 
pursuits, introduced me to Mr. Jacob Hart, an acquaintance 
of Dr. Barton, who expected to see a letter in my hands 
directed tohim. Mr. Hart told me that he, at his journey to: 
Philada. had heard of my coming to that place, & offered 
me, very kindly, all assistance in his power, to forward the. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 19 


intend of my journey. I soon got into conversation with 
him about the petrefactions of shells, & he proposed a walk 
along the river, where he would show me plenty. Accord- 
ingly we took a walk about 10 o’clock. The impressions of 
the shells are plenty fully in a kind of loose Iron Ochre 
stone; it is the nature of slate, & opens almost any way you 
would wish; some of the shells are very well preserved, 
while others fall to pieces as soon as opened. I layd by 
gome of the best specimens, as I intended to have an other 
walk along the shore, on purpose to collect some. On the 
rocks here I observed a species of Galium foliis quaternis 
liniari lanceolatis, floribus albis—which I, for the present, 
call Gallium Mollugo, though I think I am wrong in the 
name. I never seen this plant before, excepting in dryed 
specimens in the collection of Dr. Barton. In going up the 
river we came to a bed of coal, which points out close to the 
edge of the water. 


Mr. Hart observed that there was an open Coal pit at 
about 2m. from there, & if I choosed we would go to it; this 
was as welcome an offer to me as could be. Wecrossed Mill 
creek & turned off from the river. In this walk I found 
Convolvulus spithamacus—Asclepias quadrifolia & Gratiola 
officinalis in full flower. In crossing Mill creek & coming 
up the hill by the saw mill, I observed on the slaty gneis a 
good many signs of copper being in this neighborhood; the 
bloom of vertigriss showed itself in several specimens of 
stone & alltogether the stone seemed to be of the same kind 
as that near Mr. Hughes’ Iron Works at Antietam, in which 
place copper has been found. We at last arrived at the Coal 
mine, the sight of which I admired more than I could have 
expected. It lays in a draught or hollow, where one of the 
faces of the stratum of coal has been opened, by a little 
stream of water running with great swiftness alongside of 
it, & down a deep hollow by a kind of cascade. The face of 
this hill or stratum of coal is about 26 feet, from the surface 
of the ground to the level of the little run; the coal begins 
about 3 feet below the surface & its stratum goes below the 
level of the run; so that it may be judged to be a bed of coal 
more than 30 feet thick, & probably more strata below this, 
as it is even in this solid thickness very often interspersed 
with a layer of coal slate, or more properly premature coal. 
The blacksmiths of this place make use of it principally, & 


20 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


like it for their work very much, & I expected if the mine 
was to be opened coal of a fare superior kind, than it is used 
now, might be found—not only in this place & along the 
river, as I stated before,—the vein of coal has been observed 
here, but in almost every place in this neighborhood. A 
very mighty bed of it seems to lay all through this bottom & 
along the ascend of the mountain, which, in a future perid, 
will make this place very rich & convenient for fuel. In ex- 
amining this place a particulare impression on the slate, 
near the place where the water runs down a deep hollow, 
struck my eyes very much; it appeared but very slightly & 
seemed to be worn away a great part by time & water: these 
impressions were very much sunk in the slate & about 8 or 
10 inches wide & from one to three feet long, marked 
throughout by very regular rows of deeper depressions in a 
diagonal direction. I observed 4 or 5 of these pieces of im- 
pressions, close to one another, laying in an irregular direc- 
tion. . 


These impressions but me in mind of the large stone in 
your possession, with the net form’d impression which we 
supposed to be a species of Cactus; but these here are not 
exactly the same figure, but as regulare. I had a great wish 
to get a piece of this slate out, but as I had no tools I deter- 
mined to come out again, provided with tools & plaster of 
paris, that, in case I should not succeed in getting a piece of 
stone, to make a kind of a cast of it. This day was exceed- 
ing warm; in the afternoon we arrived back to Wilkesbarre, 
having made a tolerable long excursion. I observed noth- 
ing new in vegetation, excepting the above mentioned plants 
in flower & some others most common everywhere. 


18.—Having had a very restless night, & feeling very 
undisposed this morning, I kept in the house all day, resting 
myself. I apprehend a large drink of very cool butter milk, 
which I took yesterday when very warm, has done me a 
good deal:of injury; colik made me to keep the bed in the 
afternoon, connected with a feverish heat. 


19.—This morning I still feel very sick, & without any 
apetite for eating; I vomited frequently very heavy, & got 
so weak that I expected nothing else than to be laid up all- 
together. But still I thought that exercise, if I could stand 
it, might do me more good than to nurse myself. I got a 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 21 


hammer & chissel & some plaister to go out to the coal mine, 
to see if I could get some of that impression. Mr. Fell, the 
landlord, dit go with me; he is a man of some learning & 
observation, his company was so much the more usefull to 
me. When we arrived there, I set to work, but was not 
able to get a piece of a square inch entire out, it being so 
very brickle that it flew in small fragments; I made a paste 
of the plaister, & cast a good large piece; main time that 
were a drying we looked about the place for more curiosi- 
ties; after climing down the deep hollow, below the rock 
where the above impressions are on, we found the bed of the 
brook full of fragments of slate, coal and other stone; 
amongst these we soon observed numerous impressions of 
vegetables; some pieces of this slate consisting entirely out 
of a congregation of grass & reeds. I collected a number 
of the best pieces, among which were four different species 
of fern, very distinct: Asplenium ebeneum, Polypodium 
vulgare, Pteris aquilina, Osmunda interrupta & a sort of 
Nephrodium, with some pieces of reed or grass; there were 
large pieces with a kind of scitaminous plant, with very | 
large leaves longitudinally & very finely nerved, but they 
were too large for us to carry this day. But the greatest 
pleasure I had, when by looking over these fragments of 
drowned vegetation, I found a piece with the same impres- 
gion as the one in possession of Dr. Barton, & which was 
supposed to be a Cactus; by looking about I found more 
pieces, but all more or less defaced or worn. This impres- 
sion, when seen with the Dr., I allmost doubted to be nat- 
ural, but now, finding so many fragments of it among other 
vegetable impressions, makes it a proof to be a true impres- 
sion of a vegetable; the above mention impressions on the 
horizontal rock above the hollow seem to belong to it, & 
have only been defaced by the water running over them, 
which has worn off the nett like figures, & only has left the 
holes between the mashes of the nett; the cast with plaister 
being not very dry, I left it standing to come out in the 
evening again, to get it. I carried a whole handkerchief 
full of impressions with me, & returned to the town, almost 
exhausted to faint away. I went to bed & in the cool of the 
evening I took another walk to the coal pit to see whether 
my cast of the impression got dry; but I found it was not, 
neither could I get a piece off; & as I had found, to my satis- 


22 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


faction that it was not only a worn piece of the Cactus im- 
pression, as I for convenience call it now, I went back to 
town, not much disappointed. Mr. Hart, who keeps a store 
on the mouth of Lawahannock River, about 10m. from 
Wilkesbarre, at a place called Pittstown, intended to go 
there to morrow, & I promised to come out there likewise, 
if my health would allow it, as it would be so much on my 
towards the Beachwoods, which I was determined to visit. 


In the neighborhood of the town I observed frequently 
Tris,—Leonurus Cardiaca—Prinos verticillatus? Eupato- 
rium perfoliatum—Andromeda paniculata, Spirea salicifo- 
lia, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Veronica scutellata, &. I 
left the collection of Impressions to the care of Mr. Hart to 
sent them to Dr. Barton. 


20.—Still very ill & weak, being not able to bear the least 
nourishment in my stomach; but I ventured to go to Pitts- 
town on the Lawahannock. I travelled on slowly, & still I 
thought those 10m. a very good day’s work in my weak 
situation; I found Mr. Hart there, & took lodging at Mr. 
Dulcers, the tavern where he keeps his store at. The road 
leading the greater part through cultivated lands, I ob- 
served nothing this day but the common weeds. The Sus- 
quehanna breaks, at this place, through a ridge of moun- 
tains called the Lakawannah mountain. 


Sunday, Jun. 21.—I was very anxious of examining this 
seemingly interesting part of country; & being informed of 
a very handsome cascade called the falling spring, on the 
other side of the Lawahannock, I, in company of the land- 
lord, set out for that place; this man was led to go with me, 
in hopes of finding out the place, where, by tradition of this 
place, a silver mine has been worked on the brook which 
forms this remarkable cascade. We went through very 
fertile fields & meadows; Strawberries were found ripe 
here; Pentstemon pubescens—Erigeron bellidifolium—&c. 
The shores of the Lawahannock were covered with Vibur- 
neum—Cornus—sSilver Mapple—& a few Oaks mixed here 
& there with Ash.—The Elder is in these parts more plenty 
full than near to the Sea Shores. About a mile & a half on 
the other side of the Lawahannock, we came to the gap 
where the Susquehanna comes through,—& soon after to the 
cove in which this remarkable spring comes down; the side 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 23 


-of the mountain is here very steep & comes cloge to the bank 
of the river; in a small recess or cove, this small brook falls 
over a nearly perpendicular rock of from 80 to 100 feet high 
down; it forms one of the most picturesque & lovely cas- 
cades I ever beheld; the place is surrounded with shady 
trees & the rocks covered with ferns & moss of different 
kinds. The Nephrodium bulbiferum & marginale are the 
principal Ferns; Stellaria graminea grows among the moss, 
with Mitella diphylla, &c. I observed a Orchis, growing in 
the crevices of the rock, not in flower, but supposed to be O. 
fimbriata. Acer Pensylvanica, under the falls in flower. 
‘We climed round the precipice to the top of the fall & fol- 
lowed this run up to the top of the mountain. This brook 
has so many smaler falls, that we hardyly were able to come 
along, but we persisted in it, to the top of the mountain, 
where we found it having its origin in an altogether im- 
penetrable & inaccessible swamp. I found here Diervilla 
tournefortii in flower & Acer montanum in seeds; from here 
we went over the mountain in another direction & home 
towards the tavern. This walk has been, in my present 
weak situation, very fatiguing to me. On our route home I 
found Anemone pensylvanica & Geum canadense. The 
river shore is covered with Carpinus americana, Water 
beach & White Mapple & Buttonwood. 


22.—As I thought the neighborhood about the falling 
‘spring very interesting, I took an other excursion to it, to 
day. Hydrocotyle americana, not yet flowering, covers a 
great part of the wet rocks about it. I observed nothing 
new, & as I felt myself very ill, made the best of my way 
towards the tavern. Very much exhausted I arrived there, 
& indeed I apprehended the greatest danger from my situa- 
tion of health. From the time I was taken with this sick- 
ness of stomach & colical complaint at Wilkesbarre, to this 
day I used the infusion of Eupatorium perfoliatum, which 
has done me good so often, very freely; but it would do no 
help this time, my stomach remaining in the same situation, 
not bearing the least of food or drink without vomiting. 
Notwithstanding all this I concluded, if possible, to leave 
this place to morrow, & go on towards the beach woods, 
which I was very anxious to gee, without a day’s time lost, 
for fear of loosing a chance of seeing something interesting. 


24 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


23.—Not finding myself sufficiently fit for setting out on 
the journey, I deferred it for to morrow, main time I took a 
walk to a very rich swamp, belonging to one Mr. Browne. I 
observed a species of Ranunculus, ceemingly new to me— 
Veratrum viride in full bloom—Asclepias quadrifolia— 
Panicum lotifol., Lobelia claytoniana—Viburnum & Cornus 
—vide collection—Calla palustris, the white spatha of this 
plant has a beautiful appearance in the water. On my 
return I made preparations for getting on my yourney to 
morrow. A small collection of dryed plants I packed up, & 
left them to the care of Mr. Hart. I observed on the River- 
bank a plant without flowers, of a strong turpentine like 
smell; I took it to be Chenopodium Botrys. Mr. Hart fur- 
nished me with a letter to a gentleman in the Beach woods, 
Bloomfield Millbourne, who, he said, was a man of some 
information & very much acquainted in that country. 


24,.—Early this morning I paid my reckoning & went on 
my route up the Susquehanna. I had to keep the banks of 
the river for above 10. miles, to a creek called Butter milk 
Falls. Along the steep banks I observed Viola lanceolata 
on the shore—Geum floribus albis on the rocks; this species 
has large flowers & is new to me—Campanula folliis lincari- 
bus—this may be the rotundifolia. I could not find the 
radical leaves alive; it is beautifull—Thalictrum (pfl.).— 
Spireea trifoliata & opulifolia—Polymnia canadensis (afl.) 
Lilium flore erecto patente, foliis verticillatis sparsisque— 
Pyrola rotundifolia (afi.) Pentstemon pubescens in great 
plenty—Hydrangea vulgaris (afl.) Hieracium venos.\, 
Among all plants the Rubus odoratus made a most brilliant ~ 
show; its beautifull crimson or rose colored flowers, among 
the very large showy leaves, ornament those steep hills in a 
most elegant manner. The Ribes Cynosbati, with prickly 
fruit, grows plentifully among the rocks, Lobelia Clayto- 
niana very frequent, & the first specimen of Orchis fimbriata 
beginning to open its flowers; this is a very different plant 
from the tall sort I collected last year in the natural 
meadows on the Alleghany; I suppose this last one Muhlen- 
burg has called Orchis dentata, or incisa, I cannot recollect 
which. 


Buttermilk Falls is a small creek, coming out of a pond on 
the mountains; it runs over a bed of rocks & forms a num- 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 25 


ber of falls; it is calculated by nature for mill seats; several 
of them have been erected on it, chiefly saw mills. From 
here the timber begins to be chiefly Hemlock, mixed now & 
then with Beach. I came as far as one Wm. Wall, where I 
lodged; thig place is near the waters of Tunkhannock creek, 
where the Beachwood properly beginns. The rocks & 
stones in this tract of country are generally a coarse grained 
limestone granit, mixed in several places with wacke & 
glimmer. In the creeks and small runs peples of a basal- 
tick blackish blue wacke, quit clear of any quarz or glim- 
mer, are frequently found. Large lumps of budding stone, 
mixed of various colored peples, laying in a bed of gray 
clay, mixed with coarse white sand are found plenty. Ap- 
pearances of real lime stone is scarce. 


25.—This morning I proceeded on my yourney by paths: 
narrow, undistinct, and though in a dry season, very muddy,. 
on account of the springy nature of the soil in this part,, 
calld the beach woods, & the impregnable shade of the trees.. 
The beautiful Oxalis acetosella made its appearance again 
with her elegantly painted flowers. I have seen above 20. 
of the species of this genus from the Cape of Good Hope, 
but non with so handsomely marked a flower; I still think 
it must be a different plant from the Oxalis acetosella of 
Europe, as I never admired this common sort there for its 
colours, &, as far as my recollection goes, the flower ig clear 
white & a great deal smaller than ours here. Michaux, I 
suspect, has made a mistake there. Mitchella repens, the 
first in flower. Nephrodium femineum & thelypteroides 
cover the ground in open woods. It is remarkable that all 
those places which are covered on the Oak lands with the 
Osmunda cinnamomea & interrupta, are here covered with 
the different species of the more common sorts of Nephro- 
dium. 


Among the rotten heaps of wood, drifted by water or 
fallen by wind, I found frequently the Fumaria fungosa 
(afl.) —Caulophyllum thatictroides (pfl.)---Potentilla hirta? 
Veronica scutellata—Dalibarda fragarioides, Iris... 
Viola circeifolia V.—the same as I seen last year at Shenan- 
doah & then called V. populifolia. This is a very elegant 
species, the inside of the flower ig milk white, with purple 
stripes & yellow eyes at the bottom of the petals, the outside 


26 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


of a fine, pale purple; can it be the true Viola striata of 
Aiton ?—Rhus vernix grows very tall; I seen this 25. feet 
high, if not more. Hydrophyllum virginicum—Cornus, the 
Carpinus americana & the Betula carpinifolia is very fre- 
quently mixed among the beach & Hemlock. Viburnum 
lantanoides, called here Shin hoble, or Hobblebush, on ac- 
count of its branches taking root and impeding the walk 
through the woods very much, forms large thickets in sev- 
eral places. 


I crossed the Tunkhannock & proceeded on up Martin 
Creek; on the heath waters of this is the place called Hop 
bottom, where Mr. Milbourne lives, & where I intended to 
make some stay, to make excursions for further observa- 
tions. All this country has been lately began to be settled, 
the roads are heavy, bad, & difficult to pass, & so much more 
to find, as the most of them are only blind paths. It got 
evening when I came to Hop bottom creek, & I give up the 
idea of reaching Mr. Millbourne’s place, as. it was three 
miles further on, but finding on enquire Mr. Millbourne to 
be at a house there himself, & just now ready to go to his 
place, I went there & delivered my letter from Mr. Hart; he 
offered me his horse to ride to his place, but I only accepted 
the offer of carrying my wallet on his horse, as I was ex- 
ceedingly fatigued, & he, riding slowly on, I made the rest 
of the road to his house, through a very bad piece of road, 
full of roots & mire holes, in the dark. He appeared to be a 
very fine man, though of but little education, yet of a great 
deal of natural good sense. Mr. Hart had mentioned in his 
letter, to make me acquainted with the Leek & the Pigeon 
berry of this country, which he told me he would venture to 
show me, but thought that both of them were dyed down, as 
both are the earlyest productions of the season. N.B. The 
Tiarella cordifolia is as common to this country as it is to 
the great swamps of Wilkesbarre. They call it here Rough 
leaf. 


26.—This morning I took an excursion, accompanied by 
Mr. Millbourne, who wanted to show me the Leek & Pigeon 
pea, as he calls it. Wecould not find either of them, though 
he brought me to places where he said they were once found 
in great plenty. We tore up the ground in several places, 
& at last succeeded to find some of the roots of the leek. It 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 27 


is a long bulb, of a very strong garlick smell, with a black 
skin outside; the leaves are broad & long, as he says, & ap- 
pear the earlyest of anything in this country; it grows in 
moist, shady places, along side the hills, near the bottom of 
the creeks. I cannot suppose it to be Allium tricocca, as 
that prefers a rocky situation. 


By the way, in looking for these I observed Streptipus 
lanuginosus & roseus, (p. fl.) Botrypus viginiosus, Scan- 
dix dulcis,—Trillium erythrocarpum (p. fl.) which flowers 
white & red here, & is called Bathroot, & thought to possess 
great power in diseases of the lungs & liver. Acer monta- 
num, very common throught these woods, called Elkwood.— 
Orchis bifolia? This very singular plant has, without doubt, 
the handsomest leaf of any of our natives; the two leaves 
lay opposite one another flat on the ground, are nearly cir- 
culare of a handsome lurid green, with darker longitudinal 
nerves, & sometimes 6. inches wide; the under side of those 
leaves seems to be set with very minute cristallizations, 
which, when magnified, are nearly of the structure of the 
Ice plant, which gives it a very striking appearance. The 
stock is generally from 12. to 15. inches high, angulated & 
naked. The spike of flowers is considerable long & loose; 
the bracte is lanceolate linear, acute, of the same texture as 
the leaf, only finer & as long as the germes. The germen is 
linear & lively green; the corolla is silvery white, with a 
green hue over it, & very open when in full bloom. The 3 
outside petals or calyx leaves, are more greenish outside 
than the rest, the upper one is broad, ovate deltoide, or of a 
heart shap without sinus, & acuminate, the other two side 
petals are longer & oblique, seemingly only the half of the 
shape of the upper one; the three inside petals are nar- 
rower, the two upper ones oblonge & acute & oblique on 
their base; about the length of the lower outside one, the 
lower one or the labium longer than the rest, lineare oblonge 
& obtuse:—the spur is longer than the germen, & thicker 
towards the end; the anthers 2. laying in a groove on the 
upper end of the nectary or stigma, which seems to be only 
a continuation of the labium; they are of a clavate form, & 
at the time of fecundation burst out of their cases, & attach 
themselves to any part of the flower by way of a kind of 
clasper or foote on one end, which will get hold of any thing, 
in the eame manner as the claspers of Bignonia radicans 


28 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


will do to a wall. This emigration of the anthers is very 
easely & distinctly seen in this species. Sometimes even the 
anthers will stick to the stem or the bracteis, or almost any 
part of the flower. It is almost certain that it is not possi- 
ble any impregnation can find place, until they have burst 
out of their cases, as they are very closely confined there. 


This plant is called here Allheal or Healall, & used by the 
people in fresh wounds, where it is found the most healing 
thing they would wish to have; they use the leaf & suppose 
one side will draw & the other heal, but I could not learn 
which sides they were. It is exactly the same talk as about 
the leaf of Erythroriza in Virginia. The root is fleshy & 
strong fibrous, with an ovate small & white bulb in the cen- 
tre for the next year plant. 


Mr. Milbourne told me that, two years ago, one of his 
neighbors, having himself cut very badly with an ax, ap- 
plyed to him to get him some of the Healall, but as those 
leaves had decayed at that season, he took a leaf seemingly 
allyed to the true one in texture, & succeeded in curing the 
wound in a very short time; after that, he thought as much 
of that plant & more: as the leaves could be got at any sea- 
son than of the true Healall (Orchis bifolia.) When he 
showed me this leaf, I found it was the same species of Viola 
I had taken notice in Wilkesbarre swamp, with large spread- 
ing cordate & very thick fleshy leaves, which growing then 
in company of a white flowering Violet, of another species 
altogether, I was mislead to take only for outgrown & old 
leaves of that same white Viola. But no other Viola leaves 
appearing in the neighbourhood of those plants shewn to 
me by Mr. Millbourne, I began to suspect my error. On 
examination I found young flower buds, & at the same time 
half formed seed vessels on some of these plants, which 
brought me to the determination of examining this doubtful 
plant more closely; & as it grew plenty and near hand, I 
deferred this examination for another day. 


Ginseng was in berries—Uvularia perfoliata & sessilifolia 
(p. fi.) Geum rivale—Sium canadense (a. fl.) Orchis specta- 
bilis (p. fl.) Urtica spec—Black & Red Raspberries in 
flower. The Pigeon berries or Pigeon peas we could not 
find, until we returned to the house, where a place wag 
where they commonly grow, in howing up some ground they 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 29 


showed me the roots, by which I found them to be probably 
nothing else than the tuberculis of a species of Glycine, re- 
sembling marrofat peas very much: the pigeons scrach them 
up at certain times of the year, & feed upon them very 
greedyly. . 


27.—The heath waters of Martin creek come wxt of sev- 
eral ponds laying in the highest parts of the beach woods. 
I was very desirous of seeing them. Mr. Millbourne, in 
expectation of getting some Venison, dit go along with me: 
as there is no road or path leading in particular to those 
ponds, I was very glad to get him as guide: though I would 
have been able to find them, it would have taken a night to 
stay on the road, which was now unnecessary, as he could 
find a more direct way to them without following the water, 
as [ would have been obliged to do. We ascended grad- 
ually, crossing some of the branches now & then, on one of 
which was a very handsome cascade, on whose banks nearly 
the same plants grew, which I found about the falling 
springs at Lawahannock. 


The Oxalis acetosella frequently occurs here, with quite 
purple flowers, which colour in some instances is quite deep. 
Mr. Millbourne made me attentive to a root which he calls 
Pepperoot. ’Tis a white, longe & articulated root, creeping 
on the surface of the ground, under the rotten leaves, & has 
but one leaf, which is three-lobed. I could not find any 
signs of flowering or any remains of a flower part, on it; 
but I suspected it to be a species of Dentaria. The root, 
especially the young shoots, have a very pleasant pungent 
taste; it grows very plenty here, in shady, moist places. 
When we come to the first pond we kept ourselves quiet, to 
watch for deer coming in sight: we seen but two, but both 
out of reach on the other side of the pond. I observed 
Nymphaca lutea & odorata in flower, the latter only begin- 
ning to expand :—Pontederia cordata, (a. fl.) which I dit 
not expect to find here. Brasenia peltata (a fl.) this plant 
I always had an Idea to be a more Southern one, but it 
grows here to great perfection. Schcenus cyperoides? &c. 


On the second pond I went on a Cranberry marsh, which 
produced nearly the same plants as those mentioned on the 
marsh on Pokono mountain. Mr. Millbourne told me that 
he had seen quit white Cypripedium on this marsh, &, by 


30 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


his account, it seems to be a sort nearly related to the C. 
acanle. The borders of these lakes are very difficult to come 
at, excepting on those marshes, where you have to wate 
through the swamps & mire, sometimes to the middle. We 
went up to third pond, which is the highest; nothing new 
but a species of red currants with hispid fruit, quit new to 
me. It grows in wet, marshy ground. I found it after- 
wards in descending from three lakes or ponds, quite in a 
hollow, on one of the branches of creek, in marshy, muddy, 
rich land. The berries are very good to eat, at they say. 
Nephrodium Filix mas, as I suppose, grows here very tall & 
frequent. Besides this a variety of the more common ferns. 


We returned to the middle pond in expectation of seeing 
deer, but finding none there, Mr. Millbourne, being provided 
with hook & line, made a dryal at fishing, as it were on the 
top of the mountain. He soon brought out some fine Sun- 
fish & gold Pearch & a fish they call here Bull or Hornfish; 
it resembles a catfish very much, & grows sometimes to the 
lenght of 12 to 14. inches; the skin is black, he has 4. feelers 
above & 4. below the mouth, two of the upper ones are very 
long; the two brast finns are very hard & bony, from which 
it has been called Hornfish. 


On our return from the ponds we came across a stoud 
bear, which we killed, but it getting late & beginning to rain, 
we were obliged to hang him there on a tree, & leave him 
there till the morning next. Before we reached home we 
got wet all through, & it got so dark that we had a good deal 
of trouble to come through the bushes without running our 
eyes out. 


About the ponds Lycopodium complanat. & Circa alpina, 
Hydrocotyle americana, Drosera rotundifolia were fre- 
quent. The latter had the most of her leaves containing a 
fly or muscidoe, which they ketch in a similar manner as the 
Dionza does. I don’t think any place can be more infested 
with muscidoes & gnats, or as they call them here, Punks, 
as this country is. The people are obliged to make fires be- 
fore their doors to keep them out of the houses, & them who 
milk cowes are obliged to kindle fire & make a smock to be 
able to stand milking, in the evening and morning. 


28.—This day I was busy in drying & arranging the 
plants collected since I came here; Mr. Millbourne went to 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 31 


the place where we killed the bear to fetch him home; he 
weighed 208. pound, with the skin, his meat tasted most ex- 
cellent. In a small excursion I made I found plenty of the 


All-heal, & Pyrola secunda beginning to show his flowers. I 
collected a number of plants of the Viola with thick leaves, 
to have a close examination of it in the house, which made 
me sure that it is a new species, very easy to be overlooked 
by any botanist on account of its singular way of flowering; 
the fleshy root is full of tuberculls, between which the 
numerous fibres have their origin; between the foot stalks 
of the leaves, on the top of the roots, are several lanecolate 
stipulis, or scales involving the footstalk. From three to 6. 
leaves spread themselves out flat on the ground, their foot- 
stalks are long, semi-cylindrical & smotth. The leaves are 
ovate, cordate, répand, crenate, nervous, the sinus on their 
base small and narrow; the upper side hirsute or covered 
with scattered single short hair, the under side nearly 
smooth. They are of a strong fleshy texture, more so than 
any of the other species of this genus, to my knowledge; the 
flower stem or scape comes out between the leaves & creeps 
close to the surface of the ground, mostly under cover of the 
leaves, almost in the manner of stolones; it is cylindrical & 
sparsedly beset with lanceolata bracteis, of a membraneous 
texture & mostly of purplish brown colour; near the end of 
those seeming stolones, most commonly, they have a small 
leaf similar to the larger ones, in whose axilla a partial 
peduncul is formed, which, with its flower on the end, bends 
down to ground & almost covers the flower in the ground: 
from there the peduncul goes on in a similar manner, with 
opposite bracteis & one partial peduncul on each joint, so 
that it forms a kind of racem, with 3 or at most 4. flowers; 
in this manner of flowering it differs from all the rest. The 
flowers are small & very inconspicuous, they are allways 
nodding down & never open entirely; the calyx consists out 
of 5 unequal leaves in size but equal in length; they are 
acute & two or three of them have a projection behind, in 
the same manner as some of the plants of Tetradynamia 
siliquosa have; they are of a purplish green & very fre- 
quently spotted. The 5 petals are lineare & acute; the upper 
one is the longest, but only equal in length to the calyx, & 
likewise the broadest; generally white with red & purple 
stripes, & red or pink towards the point; the two lateral 


32 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


ones shorter and narrower, white with but little red in 
them; the two lower ones very short, & very narrow & 
white. The 5 stamina have purple filaments & large yellow 
anthers, with a conical white projection or process on the 
top; they are entirely free, the germen is as long as the 
filament, 3-angulare & greenish. The style short, & with 
his hairy stigma only the length of the filament. The cap- 
sule is 3-angulare with rounded angles, smooth & consider- 
ably large for the size of the flower; it is green, spotted with 
purple, & sometimes entirely purple. The seeds round & 
white. I call this species, as I really think it to be a new 
one, from singular & hidden away of flowering, Viola clan- 
destina, or if this would not be applicable, I should propose 
the name, though not used before, V. stoloniflora. It grows 
in rich stony & shady woods. 


In the same places I observed another species similar to 
the former, yet materially different, which I called V. assari- 
folia in the collection. I regretted very much, not to have 
been earlyer in the season in thig very interesting country. 
A monographia of Viola would give a beautifull & interest- 
ing work, if it were possible to collect them all together, 
from all parts of the world, as they seem to be very gener- 
ally dispersed. I think we could muster above twelve species 
towards it. This day kept on cloudy, with showers, & the 
evening got to be very cold for the season. 


29.—I had intented to proceed on my yourney to day, but 
it looked to much for settld rain. My intention was to go 
from here over the high lands which divide the north & 
southern waters of Susquehanna & then strike to the left 
down Meshopen creek, where some New England people 
settlements are, which would have brought me out below 
Tyoga point. But by advice of the people, who stated the 
badness & intricacy of the roads, beside the temper of those 
settlers at this time, being very yealous of their settlements, 
having lost them by a lawsuit, which has made them swear 
to kill ayn man who would undertake to convey the grounds, 
—this made me abandon the project, & I concluded to go to 
the Big bend & down the Susquehannah to Tyoga.—In an 
excursion to the woods I found Nephrodium Dryopteroides, 
Mx. as I suppose. I had never observed this Fern before. 
In the afternoon I went t a place where I understood the 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 33 


Cypripedium spectabile, or canadense of Michx grew; I 
found but one bunch of it. This beautiful plant is the same 
I observed last year at Capon Springs. 


30.—Still rainy, but looking again noon somewhat better, 
I took the road; this led up through winding valleys to the 
high lands, where I found considerable settlements; nothing 
new. The Rarunculus acris is here sometimes so plenty 
that it destroyes the natural meadows. I seen whole 
meadows looking at a distance like a field of Rape in flower, 
with it. Here I first saw some Cistus canadensis in flower. 
I had put up about 10. m. from Big bend, on account of the 
frequent showers, at one Mr. Carr. I seen to day, a few 
plants of Cornus canadensis, out of flower. 


July 1—From here I soon reached the Susquehannah: 
the road leads close along the north side of the river. Oak 
& Pine are more prevalent here, & along with them the wet 
spots are more covered with Osmundas, whereas in the 
Beach woods, & similar places where Beach & Hemlock 
makes the chief timber, the several species of Nephrodium 
occupy the places of the Osmunda. Pentstemon pubescens 
& Scrophularia nodosa in great plenty along the banks. I 
made way to Chenango, a: very handsome little village. 


July 2.—From Chenango I would have had a strait road 
to the Salt lakes, but my appointed place was at Tyoga. I 
proceeded on down the River. Populus tremuloides, Tilia 
americana, Crategus Crus-galli, Cornus aspera—& fasti- 
giata,—Thalictrum nigricans—were the plants not ob- 
served before. The banks on both sides of the river alter- 
nately higher & lower, & the mountains, especially on the 
south side—which approach near the river—in some places 
considerable high. The timber on high places is chiefly 
Oak, mixed in the most places with pitch pine, more or less 
according to the soil. I staid this night at Owego, a small 
village, situated in a very beautifull place. Close to the 
water-edge of the river I found plants which in foliage ap- 
peared to be Potentilla anserina. 


July 3—From Owego I had but 17 m. to Tyoga Point.— 
Hieracium venosum, Cistus canadensis, Cornus fastigiata? 
—the Asclepias quadrifolia—this plant dit grow in the late 
cleared grounds, higher here than I seen it anywhere else. 
I found several specimen branching out in a number of um- 


34 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


brellas, that it appeared to be quit a different plant. While 
I was walking along the river this morning, a black squirrel 
crossed the river, which I, anxious to know what it were, dit 
kill. It seemed strange to me for a squirrel to take the 
water. Cnothera fruticosa & parviflora in flower. A little 
after noon I arrived at Tyoga, & but up at Mr. Tutile’s, 
where I had directed my trunk to be sent to; it had not ar- 
rived. On my calling on the post office I found a letter: 
from Dr. B.S. B., with instructions to proceed cn to Onon- 
daga. 


July 4.—I took an excursion from the house to the point, 
its meadows & banks of the river. Along the river I found 
similar petrifactions in the loose, rolling stones similar to 
those at Wilkesbarre; some specimens [ laid aside if I should’ 
find opportunity to send a collection from here; they were: 
some beautifull large shells, remarkably well preserved. 
Several large stones were run over with a calcareous shell. 
or cover, on which smaller peples had attached themselves, 
in a manner of rough cast. 


Anemone dichotoma—Galium Mollugo?—Smyrnium in-- 
tegerrimum—Euphorbia corollata—Thalictrum nigricans. 
which has a very heavy smell—Lobelia Claytoniana & Hera-. 
cium lanatum were in flower.—I seen a species of Hyperi-. 
cum along the river, which I supposed to be the H. ascy- 
roides.—In the same places Pulmonaria Virginica—Acer: 
glaucum—a species of dwarf Chestnuk Oak & large bushes. 
of Crategus coccinea. Alltogether I dit not find this place, 
as far as I had seen, answering my expectations, & con-. 
cluded not to delay any time in or about it, but to proceed. 
on to more interesting scenes. 


July 5.—This day I devoted to writing & drying plants :—- 
small excursion,—nothing new. 


6.—Left Tyoga, up Cayuta Creek—Apocynum androse-. 
mifoli (.b.) very plentiful in the cleared woods; in the Oak. 
Woods I observed the Lily, often seen before, but I cannot 
recollect which species it is; it is Lilium foliis sparsis verti-. 
cillatiue; caule uniflora; floribus erectis; corollis cam- 
panulatis, semipatentibus, petalis unguiculatis. 


The valley, formed by Cayuta Creek is in soil & vegetation 
similar to the beach woods—Oxalis acetosella, but not. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 35 


plenty—Dracena borealis—Helleborus viridis—Orchis fim- 
briata in full bloom—Dalibarda violeoides in fruit—The 
woods about with Sugar Maple. The valley is in some places 
very narrow & the creek very winding, which obliged me to 
wate it several times to keep the road.—I heartyly expected 
to reach the house this night, which had been recommended 
to me to stay at, but I dit come to it before it got dark.—I 
observed in a small run a species of Sium, as I suppose, 
without flowers, whose leaves under the water were very 
fine divided, & the upper ones only pinnate; I call it S. 
heterophyllum. From a small tavern, which is kept here, it 
is about 22. miles to the head of Cayuga, which I intend to 
reach to morrow.— 


7.—Having opportunity of going in company of a wagon, 
who would carry my things, I set out early this morning. 
The road leads through a very romantick valley, the moun- 
tains sometimes very high. After following the course of 
Cayuta cr: for 9. miles, we turned oft to the right. The 
vegetation similar to what I mentioned yesterday, 8. miles 
this side of Cayuga city, or as it is called sometimes Ithaca, 
we crossed a place very peautifully situated, called Sapony 
Hollow: this place has been once cleared & probably settled 
by Indians, but it is now grown up with small white pine 
very handsomely mixed with Populus tremuloides & Magno- 
lia acuminata. The last is very scarce about here & the 
trees here in this place & two or three others I seen, are of 
a creeply, small & old growth, nothing like to what they are 
in Virginia. At this place we refreshed ourselves and feed 
the horses. As far as this I had this days travel very agree- 
able, as on account of the roughness of the road & the deep 
mire holes in some places, the wagon could not go on as fast 
as I could walk, having plenty of time to look about myself: 
besides being unincumbered with any baggage. But the 
road getting now good & evening drawing nigh, I had to get 
into the wagon & we travelled tolerable fast.—About 3 or 4 
miles from Sapony Hollow the timber changes into Oak & 
from there to Ithaca it is all Oak timber mixed with pine, 
with the rest of plants similar to Tyoga point. We arrived 
at Ithaca at night fall. 


8.—Being now on the heath of Cayuga I remembered your 
information about Erica cerulea growing on the high lands 


36 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


between Cayuga & Seneca lake; I was very anxious to see- 
ing this plant in its native place, but having not received the 
particular directions for finding the place, as I had been 
promised of, besides that, being rather afraid of running 
myself out of money necessary to come to Onondaga, as my 
pocket was but low & the distance yet considerable, I had, to 
my own mortifition, to give up all Ideas of a search for it. 
The morning was rather suspicious for rain as it had rained 
some all night. I was detained at Ithaca until 11 o’clock, 
when I set out for the lake, which ig only 2 miles distance. 
My route was going on the east side of it. After having 
crossed Cayuga creek, with a great deal of difficulty to per- 
form it, & coming on the rising grounds on the other side, 
I heard a very strong noise of falling water: I followed the 
sound & came to one of the most romantick & beautiful falls 
of this Creek I ever had seen; the access, even only to a sight 
' of it, is very difficult; but I regretted very much, that I had 
not had the best information about these falls at the town, 
as I should have made it my business to visit them unincum- 
bered with my baggage, though I might have spent the day 
by it. The ledge of rocks confined in a very narrow cove, 
& surrounded by high hills: (impossible to ascend with a 
load on my back on account of their steepness;) over which 
this considerable stream drows itself down, is a very inter- 
esting scene, & I doubt not if time & opportunity had al- 
lowed me to make an examination of it, 1 might have been 
paid for the trouble with something or other interesting or 
new in my line; but to go back to the town I thought to be 
to much; so I had to go on & be satisfied with having had 
only a peep at it. 


I got in my road again, where I observed, along the banks 
of the creek, plenty of Pentstemon pubescens. About a 
mile further I came to the banks of the lake. The shore 
which I came to was clear & gravelly, with some weeds 
growing near it, as Thistles, Mulleins, &c. I followed the 
shore of it for several miles, being in my route. It is gen- 
erally covered with oak, maple & hickory. Buphthalmum 
helianthoides is the first yellow syngenesia plant I geen this 
year, Taraxacum excepted. A small Rosa, similar to the 
one which I called last year R. monticola, is very plenty 
here, & spreads a most agreeable fragrancy through the air. 
A species of Crategus—Ludwigia nitida—Ceanothus amer- 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 37 


icanus—Lilium canadense—Apocynum androszemifolium 
with a Galium Mollugo?—Orchis fimbriata—Cornus with 
white berries—EHrigeron corymbosum! P.—Typha angusti- 
folia—Smyrnium cordatum—Mimulus alatus—Galium his- 
pidum.—Veronica scutellata & some more common plants, 
I observed in the meadows leading to the lake. I travelled 
as far as the town of Milton, where I stood over night. 


The road, as soon as I had left the banks of the lake, be- 
gan to be quit uninteresting, as the fences on both sides & 
cultivated fields, with continued plantations & farms occa- 
sion the road only to be covered with common weeds, 
amongst which the Verbascum thapsus, Anthemis cotua,l & 
Polygonum hydropiper have the upper hand.—TIn one of the 
woods on this road I collected specimens of Nephrodium 
filixmas ?— 


9.—I set out early this morning to make as much way as 
possible through this, for my purpose, to much settled coun- 
try; Carpinus americana & Ostrya, which last I called C. 
hispida, on account of the cover of the young branches, with 
stiff hairs, are common in the woods; the timber very fre- 
quent, beach & Betula lanulosa, mixed now & then with Oak 
—Morus rubra frequent. On one of the farms I observed 
the mulberry cultivated in orchards, may be for the raising 
of silk worms & planted in regular close rows. Cicuta 
maculata I found on the road side in several places. Noth- 
ing new in flower. Lodged about 8 m. this side of Harden- 
berg’s corner, or the outlet of Owasco lake. 


10.—About 10. 0 clock I arrived at Hardenberg’s corner 
or the outlet of Owasco; the day got exceeding hot, more so 
than I had experienced this season. I stayed to rest myself, 
feeling exceedingly fatigued; about 11 a stage from Cana- 
daugua came in, & as I found the road but very little inter- 
esting, being all a continued range of cultivated land, I con- 
cluded to take a seat in the stage, which would bring me to 
Onondaga this night yet, which I would not have been able 
to accomplish until tomorrow night, the distance being 22 
or 23. miles. Here I observed the first plants of theMyo- 
sotis lappula for this season, growing along the road side in 
great plenty as a common weed. At Skeneatiles lake we 
took dinner. This is a most charming situation. At even- 
ing we arrived at Onondaga hollow, having had two hours 


38 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


rain before we came there. Here I took up my lodging 
with John Adams. The post office being nearly opposite of 
this, I enquired for letters, but to my great disappointment 
found none. 


11.—This day I rested & made some necessary arrainge- 
ments about specimens which I had collected, either dry or 
in their green state. Enquired for the places of Capt. Web- 
ster & Squire Geddes. 


July 12—Very anxious of seeing the Salt springs, which 
are only 5 m. from this place, to the north. I took a walk 
to them; but being Sunday & knowing that I would have 
further opportunity of collecting specimens, I dit not pro- 
vide myself with the tin box to collect any to day. The road 
goes chiefly through Oak woods, and crosses a considerable 
piece of swamp, through which the Onondaga creek runs, 
close to the road side. I observed plenty of Zanthoxylum 
fraxinifol. on its banks—several sorts of Carex & Scirpus— 
Samolus Valerandi,—Asclepias tuberosa—Turritis falcata, 
Apocynum androsemifol.—&e. 


When I came to the springs, the place is called Salt point. 
I found them to be situated in a low piece of a swamp, which 
is clear for a great part of all timber; The works for boil- 
ing being erected along the edge of this swamp, on a high 
bank & the water conveyed to them in pipes from a pump 
work, which is erected near one of the principal! springs; 
some of the works are supplied by other smaller springs, 
the water being pumped by hand. 


They boil the salt in potash kettles, holding from 60 to 
100. gallons; 5 or 8. kettles form what they call a block, 
which has two fires to it; each kettle produces from a bushel 
to a bushel and a half of salt each boiling. The water is by 
far superior to any water I have tasted, where salt is manu- 
factured. Near the springs themselves the Salicornea 
herbacea is the only plant which grows, but further oft in 
the mash, a variety of plants I am in expectation to find, 
but as I had only shoes on to day & intended to be back to 
my lodging, I deferred the examination of the mash to an- 
other day. 


July 13.—My anxiety of seeing a letter from Dr. Barton 
was so great, that I thought it would be best to call on 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 39 


Squire Geddes to-day, and see whether there was not one in 
his hands. He lives about 6 m. from the Hollow, north- 
west; I set out for it. Near Onondaga Court house plenty 
of Cynoglossum officinale, calld here Tory weed, & Myosotis 
lanpula, which is everywhere common along the streets. 
Verbascum Thapsus common on the waste grounds, & V. 
Blattaria flore albo is here and there to be seen about Onon- 
daga. Epilobium parviflorum with red & white flowers, 
among the Sonchus Canadensis, which covers all clear spots 
in the woods; this Sonchus is the same as they call to the 
south Richweed, Milkweed & Buttonweed. Cornus scabrosa? 
& fastigiata? Silphium laciniatum—not yet in flower.— 
Verbena urticifolia—V. hastata—Triosteum perfoliatum— 
Asclepias multiumbellata P. the same as I called so last year 
from the Peaked mountain—A. umbellis pluribus nutantis 
laxifloribus, longe pedunculatis; calyx laciniis acutissimis; 
petalis reflexis calyee duplo longior, ovato oblongis, vires- 
centes extus purpurascens: columna nectarifera basi pur- 
purea, netctarea ovoidea alba, crassa, corniculis longis, con- 
vergontibus—Asclenias syriaca is common about here. I 
likewise observed a plant which only seems to be common 
to limestone land & which I had observed last year through- 
out the great valley of Virginia frequent, but never had a 
chance then to see its flowers and seeds; it is the one which 
I have calld in Dr. B. collection, but suppose wrongly, Litho- 
spermum latifol. of Michaux: this plant is, as I then sup- 
posed, a Cynoglossum, & I calld it in my journal] last year, 
C. parviflorum, which name I shall use for it in the future— 
Cynoglossum corollis pallide czerulea calyce subeequantes 
urecolatis fauces callis clausa; antheris intra tubum corolle, 
nigricantes. In fact I see no difference in the parts of 
fructification among this species, the Cynoglossum officinale 
& the plant which I take to be Myosotis Lappula. The 
seeds of these plants are very much alike in structure like- 
wise, for which reason I think the Myosotis Lappula to be a 
Cynoglossum too. 


Near Mr. Geddes I found the Blitum virgatum in fruit, & 
in his mill dam a monstrous thick covering of Chara fra- 
gilis, which emitted a most horrid smell, the dam being 
broke & dry, & the whole of this Chara turn’d to the sun, & 
changed its green colour, which it has, when under water, 
to a clear white; at my first coming to the creek, I thought 


40 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION - 


the bottom of the pond or dam was a kind of marle by its 
colour; but getting down to it, I found it to be the Chara 
which had covered the bottom all over. 


Mr. Geddes was not at home & would not return untill 
next day: Mrs. Geddes, however told me, that if any letter 
of the kind I expected had been come to her husband’s 
hands, she should have heart something about it, but she 
had not. I therefore returned towards the Hollow again. 
I observed plenty of Chenopodium anthelminticum along the 
road sides, which ig very common about here; Potentilla 
hirta or Norwegica—Geum floribus albis parvis & the Tha- 
lictrum dioicum mas & femina in full flower. 


14.—This day I visited Capt. Webster, he lived about 3. 
m. south of the Hollow. I found him to be a plain, friendly 
man; he was to bussy, occupied in his work, else he would, 
as he said, take a walk with me through the woods; but if I 
would come & see him again, he would go with me to the 
Indian village, which I was anxious to see: I enquired about 
the Indian dog; but he told me that not one genuine one was 
to be found among those Indians any more, having degen- 
erated by mixing with others to such a degree that hardyly 
the traces could be seen in them. The Hydrastis canadensis 
grows in great abundance in the woods here; they call it 
Curcume; Sanicula Marilandica,—Geum flore albo—Poly- 
mnia canadensis—Elymus canadensis—Potentilla Norwe- 
gica—Ascelpias tuberosa—Galium circzezans, &s., were in 
flower. The Caulophyllum thalictroides grows in abund- 
ance in these woods. It is called here Cohosh. Capt. Web- 
ster informed me that there was one sort of Cohosh growing 
here without berries, which I suppose to be the Actea spi- 
cata: I dit not see any. The Botrypus virginicus, which 
is plenty here, is used by the Indians as a principal remedy 
in the venereal disease. On my return to the Hollow I ob- 
served Cornus alternifolia, which is calld Green Osier; the 
other species of Cornus, whose branches are always speck- 
led, & which I suppose to be the sort with white berries, 
grows plenty in the woods hereabouts. 


15.—As I had to get my boots mented I kept the house all 
day & wrote a letter to Dr. B, having as yet heart nothing 
from him. In the evening I took a walk to a store to get 
some paper. In going along Onondaga creek I observed a 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 41 


species of Potamogeton, which I suppose either the mari- 
num or graminifol I describe it Potamogeton ramis dichoto- 
mis, foliis longis, crasis gramincis superioribus vaginantes; 
cum ligula longa membranacea spica pedunculata, anthers 
4. crassa, subsessiles. 2 loculares folialis calycis opposita, 

alba; stylis 4. stigmata pelatata atrorubra. This species 
- abounds hereabouts very much. 


16.—This day I set out to have a thorough examination of 
the Salt marshes on Salt point. In going through the 
swamps between the Hollow & the Point I observed the 
Mimulus alatus in great plenty; Ranunculus aquatilis in 
flower, on the branches of the creek; at the point I went 
along a Causway made through the marsh & occasionally in 
the marsh itself, whenever I could get to it; but this season 
having been so much rain, makes it almost impossible to get 
in; last year, I was in formed, one might have went every 
where through it, without much trouble, the season having 
been so very dry. Cephalanthus occidentalis & Osmunda 
regalis, fill up a great part of the swamp where any bushes 
grow. Uttricularia minor I found but only one specimen 
in flower. Potamogeton gramincum, Lemna arrhiza & 
polyrrhiza, Triglochin maritimum; calyx 3—phyllus; un- 
there 3, calycis foliolis opposita & breviora, sessiles, 
squamis 3, basigerminis inserta coque adpressa, germen 
longum 38—gonum, stigma barbatum.—Ipomeea rosea foliis 
hastatis; Vicia Cracca & Lathyrus ?—Xanthium spinosum? 
Campanula crinoides, Veronica scutellata, Alisma Plantago, 
Sagittaria sagittifolia? Galium Mollugo & Galium foliis 
quaternis lincaribus.—Hibiscus palustris ,putting forth his 
flowers. Polygonum amphibium—Juncus & Scirpus lacus- 
tris, Galium 3 fidum, a very small leaved species & truely 3 
fid. & triandrous. Ranunculus, a very small creeping sort, 
in the salt marsh, with leaves lyke Chrysoplenium. I calld 
it stoloniferus. It grows in thick tuffts together, & covers 
the ground. Asclepias syriaca & purpurascens? Scutella- 
ria galericulata?—Lysimachia racemosa,—Glycine apios, 
without flowers—Apocynum cannabium—which is used by 
the Indians as a purifyer of the blood. Sparganium ramo- 
sum—Arundo—Panicum—Seirpus, &c. Eupatorium perfo- 
liatum & maculatum.—A grass which I suppose to be a 
species of Trachynotia of Michaux. This is a grass I never 
seen before. 


42 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


A species of Sium fills up a great part of the marsh; it 
appears the same as I observed at Cayuta creek & calld S. 
heterophyllum.—Sisymbrium amphibium very frequent.— 
Lysimachia racemosa; this appears to be the same as the 
bulbifera. I dit not find one single specimen with bulbs 
here, though I purposely searched for it; may be they are 
different after all?? A species of Rose, growing pretty tall, 
grows in the most wet places, among Sparganium and 
Typha, which appeared very strange to me; it is in great 
abundance through the swamps. A Rumex, which for want 
of aname I! call R. polygonoides, is very plenty in the marsh. 
A plant unknown to me I found near the Salt works, in the 
marsh amongst Iris & Scirpus, with a long radial leaf like 
a beet, & the stem somewhat like Lythrum verticillatum; no 
flowers to be seen. Having myself sufficiently satisfied for 
this day, in this very disagreeable & stinking marsh, the day 
besides being very hot, I took some refreshments, & went 
towards my lodging at the Hollow again. 


In my return through the swamps I observed Pyrola ro- 
tundifolia—Epilobium angustifolium, beginning to flower— 
Aster conyzoides—Chara—Monarda coccinea & beautiful 
plants of Lilium superbum.—In going to the Point this 
morning I observed a Geranium in foliage like the G. caroli- 
nianum, but with considerable large red flowers. I took 
but a small sprig of this intending to collect some on my 
return, but I could not find the plant again. 


17.—This day I was bussy of drying & butting by the 
plants collected yesterday. I received a letter from Dr. B. 
including 20. dollars, which I was very much in want of. 


18.—Having promised this day to see Capt. Webster, I 
set out for his place. We took a walk to the Castle or In- 
dian Village: this tribe is but very weak, they are very gen- 
teel & well behaved people, & industry beginns to propagate 
among them: they have some very good fields of corn, which 
they keep in good order. My object was, for a great part, 
of learning the name of some herbs in their language: but 
Capt. Webster told me he knew the name of most trees him- 
self & some of the more noted plants, which he could give 
me by & by. Phryma leptostachia grows very tall & large 
here :—Polygonum aviculare, the variety with upright stem 
& large leaves.—Cicuta maculata grows in great abundance 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 43 


throughout Onondaga: the Indians use it to poison them- 
selves, when they have an inclination in going out of this 
world: it is a most powerfull poison, as Capt. Webster tells 
me, who has seen the case on some Indians which had eaten 
the root, & was lost without being able to get anything as a 
remedy against it; it occasions Lockjaw & the patient is 
soon done. Elder bark or a Muskrat skin chopped fine, 
with the hair on is reckoned a remedy if soon applyed to. 


Buthalmium helianthoides in full bloom. Hedysarum 
acuminatum & a species of Lespedeza without flowers—Cis- 
cea alpina?—Triosteum majus—Nephrodium dentatum— 
Agsplenium salicifolium & polypodioides P—the former I 
could not find with fructifications. On my return I ob- 
served the same plant which puzzled me so much last year, 
and which I took then to be a species of Batschia. It hap- 
pened, as then, that I came too late for seeing its flowers, 
but foliage & seeds indicate it to be very nearly related to it. 
After diligent search I found one small flower on the top of 
a small shoot remaining, which I carefully examined & 
found the following character: Batschia parviflora P— 
corollis pallide luteis, tubus calyce subzequante, limbus sub- 
clausus, callosus; staminibus inclusis. The Cynoglossum 
parvéflorum in plenty. This night Sqr. Geddes calld on my 
lodging, having returned from his yourney & hearing, at the 
post office, a stranger having enquired for him. I promised 
to be at his place in a day or two. 


July 19.—Rested myself & wrote, &c. 


20.—To day I took the excursion to Sqr. Geddes, & intend 
to go from there across the country to the Salt point again. 
—The Viola circeeifolia P., as mentioned in the beach woods, 
is yet in flower here. I observed all before mentioned 
plants on this route, & the remains of Sanguinaria. The 
Carpinus Ostrya is calld Ironwood here & sometimes Lever- 
wood—the Caprinus Americana is, in common, Waterbeach. 
In a swamp near Mr. Geddes’s the Cupressus thyoides in a 
Hemlock wood—Pyrola rotundifolia & Orchis bifolia. 


Mr. Geddes brought me to a deep valley about 1 m. from 
his house, where we ascended a steep, very rocky hill; here 
large masses of rocks seem to be piled up, or tumbled over 
one & another in such a confused manner, that it has left 
large chasms between them, which gometimes appear like 


44 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


caves: as it has a north aspect & overshadet with trees, all 
the rocks are covered with moss and vegetables: & I sup- 
pose this must be a very interesting place for the botanist in 
the spring; the walking is very precarious, as, in some 
places, large holes are hid by weeds & bushes, & every step 
one is in danger of breaking a leg or falling into a gulph. 


Here I found plenty of Actea spicata, chiefly with red ber- 
ries, but some of the plants had beautiful white berries, 
looking like wax work. This is the Red & White Cohosh: 
the blue Cohosh likewise grows in plenty here: Xylosteum 
tartaricum is in abundance, Ptelea trifoliata, Geranium 
Robertianum, Lonicera glauca, with very narrow leaves, 
Taxus bacecata or procumbens, calld Ground Hemlock— 
Polypodium Dryopteris,—a species of Clematis seemingly 
new to me. Satyrium repens—Circcea alpina—Chrysople- 
nium alternifolium—Pyrola umbellata—Arum triphyllum. 


Asplenium rhizophyllum, & what I thought the most of, 
Asplenium Scolopendrium.—This fern, which I dont find 
mentioned by any one to grow in America I allways had a 
notion to be here; & indeed I was quit enjoyed to find my 
prejudice so well founded in truth. It appears to be the 
same as the european, only smaler; is the european auricu- 
lated at the base, like this species? The Choak cherry is 
plenty on these rocks & another species of Prunus—A spe- 
cies of Urtico or Boehmeria, which I got from Virginia in 
similar places likewise. In going towards Mr. Geddes’ 
house again I observed a Ranunculus which I call R. geoides. 
Dirca palustris grows here likewise. On the old rotten 
wood I observed a very singular Clavaria. I stood this 
night at Syr. Geddes. | 


July 21.—After breakfast I set out from here to Salt 
point.—On the road there I observed nothing but what I 
have mentioned before. Along road sides in general here, 
Carduus lanceolatus—Verbena hastata—Cynoglossum offi- 
cinale & parvifolium. Myosotis lappula—Verbascum Thap- 
sus—Polygonum Persicaria—Anthemis Cotula, &c. cover , 
the ground. 


At the Point I crossed the mash to visit the banks of the 
lake—here I observed Potentilla anserina—Stachys spec.— 
Sisyrinchium bermudiana? Cornus albida—Viburnum calld 
Cranberry tree—Pantago major—Teucrium canadense. I 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 45 


think this is materially different from T. virginicum—Soli- 
dago odora—Galium floribus ochro leucis, petalis acu- 
minatis—a very tail species of Scirpus—& several other 
plants mentioned before. In my return I found some more 
of the unknown plant, which looked like Lythrum verticilla- 
tum—it had flower buds in the axillis, which by dissection 
showed plainly to be Lythrum, & I suppose that very species 
I supposed. 


On the shore of the Lake I visited, several salt works are 
erected, which are supplied from the main works with 
water, which is carried for that purpose about 114 mile. As 
it was late when I returned to the point I stood there over 
night. 


July 22.—Returned to the Hollow, where I examined & 
dryed those plants collected the last two days. 


23) It being rainy I wags confined to the house, writing, 
24( drying plants, &e. 


25.—Made an other excursion to Salt point. As I ob- 
served nothing new through the swamp & marsh, I went to 
a place calld Little Ireland or Liverpool—Here they have 
Salt Springs on the edge of the lake, most of them covered 
by the fresh water of the lake; there are about 150 kettles 
at work here. The shore of the lake & the bottom near the 
shore consists entirely of a white calcareous mud, which in 
some places is tolerably hard; this sediment is formed of 
disorganized shells & snails, & is the same process as, I sup- 
pose, by which in times of old our limestone beds are 
formed. I sometimes thought it would be more common to 
gee petrifaction or impressions on the limestone as it really 
_is, if it had been formed this way, by the sediment of dis- 
composed shells & snails; but since I have seen nature going 
on here, in a manner demonstrative to the eye, all my doubts 
are over: this sediment, in some places, especially a little 
below the surface, is such a complete pap of lime or calcar- 
eous earth, that it wants nothing else than the drainage of 
the lake, to form a very solid bed of limestone, I think in a 
very little time. Observed nothing new in flower to day, 
except the Cimicifuga seprentaria, a species of Helianthus 
very common, & Ceanothus americanus. 


46 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


July 26.—Spent the Sunday in the house, having only this 
morning returned from Salt point, very much fatigued. 


27.—Was bussy among the specimens. I expected to day 
a letter from Dr. B., but was disappointed. 


28.—Having contemplated to go & visit Oswego & the 
Lake Ontario, as I dit not find it well to spent so much time, 
without having something more interesting than to see the 
same thing & same places, over & over again; but I was dis- 
appointed by rain; consequently kept close house. 


29.—It looking likely to get fair again I set out for Os- 
wego; when I came to the Salt Point I concluded to go down 
with one of the boats which steady go from here in the Salt 
trade; but waiting & waiting for one to go, I was obliged to 
stay over night on the point. 


30.—No boat being ready to go this morning, I took my 
way on foot as far as Liverpool, 3. miles; the road was good 
& I was acquainted with it; here I took breakfast; & from 
here a path beginns, cut through the woods, leading down 
the river to Oswego. I observed Gerardia flava & Helian- 
thus squarrosus in flower. After getting rightly into the 
path, I found the woods, in respect of timber & vegetation, 
as well as in respect of bad, miry road, similar to the Beach 
Woods. The land is springy and very rich; the path some- 
times comes close to the Seneca river & sometimes is pretty 
distant from it; the travelling exceeding fatiguing, having 
to go for geveral rods round mire holes, to find a place to 
cross, & then to look, with all precaution, to get in the right 
path again: it is very seldom travelled, & in some places so 
blind, as if never a man had went that road. Dalibarda 
violoides I found yet in flower; the flowers are exceeding 
handsome & neat. I observed a Juggermannia not noticed 
before. Specimens preserved. Nothing new. 


After a tedious journey I came to three Rivers point. This 
is a beautifull place—but only one house, who keeps tavern 
near it—here I took dinner. Seneca river from the S. W. 
& Onondaga River, or the outlet of Oneida Lake from S. E., 
come here together nearly at right angles & form the Os- 
wego River to the North. Finding company at the tavern, 
in a man who was going as far as Oswego falls, with a cou- 
ple cattle, having lately removed to live there, I undertook 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 47 


to take it through with him, though the distance of 12. 
miles, in such bad road, at so late an hour, was rather more 
as I should have undertaken without it. After crossing 
Oneida River, or as they call it, Onondaga river, which I 
think very wrongly, I found plants of Anona triloba, the 
first I seen this season. Crategus Crus-galli is very fre- 
quent here, & varies in the shape of its leaves most wonder- 
fully, according to the more rich & poor, or wet & dry soil it 
grows in. I had to drudge on as well as I could, since I once 
had undertaken to go along. The man who drove the cattle 
was on horseback, but walked the chifest part of the way, 
as it was almost as tedious to write, as it was to walk. We 
liked to be overtaken by night, but were luky enough just to 
clear our distance. When we came to the falls, which are 
very small, I had to go a mile farther to come to a tavern 
below the falls. The man who had moved there was in a 
situation not able to accommodate me. But though it was 
dark I had the comfort of a good road, as all the salt is here 
carried from the head of the falls, to this landing by carts. 
At the landing I took up lodging for to night, being in a 
manner almost worn down by fatigue. I collected, to day, 
the round leaved variety of Veronica serpyllifolia. 


July 81.—This morning, after breakfast, I went down the 
river on board a boat. This River, though deep & large, 
having all the body of water in it, which is discharged by all 
the small lakes, is very much impeded by rifts or ledges of 
rock, which go across it, sometimes for a considerable dis- 
tance. The bottom is, in deep & shallow water, covered 
with aquatic plants; some of them, chiefly Potamogetons, 
grow to an exceeding length in deep water.—Eels & Water 
snakes, both of a most enormous size, are the chief inhabi- 
tants of it. I thought to have observed some leaves of Valis- 
neria floating on the water. The banks of the river are 
very romantick; in showing the woods & River in its primi- 
tive state, exactly as much so as when it was not known to 
white people. Here is no house or any sign of cultivation 
to be seen until you come near Oswego. 


At Oswego Rift I quitted the boat, being only a mile to 
that place then by land. When I came ashore I observed a 
species of Hydrocotyle, with peltated leaves, without flow- 
ers, growing along the edge of the water. My walk dit go 


” 


48 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


along the shore which was covered with Chestnut, Oak, 
Hemlock—Populus candicans, heterophylla & tremuloides— 
Scrophularia nodosa in flower—Hypericum perforatum 
even hag found his way to this retired place, in company 
with some more obnoxious foreign weeds. Soon after my 
arrival & having refreshed myself at Oswego, & went to see 
the lake, which indeed has a noble & grand appearance, & 
without knowing it previous to be only a lake, one would 
take it for the shore of the main ocean. The shore here is 
rocky & pretty high. As I wished to get something to eat 
& nothing had been ready before I went, I could only make 
a small excursion. I soon found Hippophe canadensis, 
which is a very singular shrub. The different above men- 
tioned Poplars, mixed with other wood, make the timber. 
Cornus several sorts, among which is the Osier rouge or 
Red Osier—one which has white berries, several sorts of 
Salix—Rubus odoratus in flower & fruit—Hamamelis vir- 
ginica, &c., form the shrubbery—a species of Gnaphalium, 
unknown to me & very handsome, is in plenty. Vaccinum 
frondosum & Pensylvanicum—Hyeracium Kalmia—Soli- 
dago spec.—Equisetum sylvaticum, &c. 


I had to wait till nearly sunset, before I could get any- 
thing to eat & then it was nothing but eel, which I never 
could eat. I had to do as well as I could, among people 
whose life was very rough, & who think about nothing but 
making some money, but the little trade they have here, 
which is chiefly salt. It is a place I dislike the most of any 
I have ever been at, in the United States. I was not able to 
get one civil man by whom I could get some information. 


Augt. 1.—yYesterday & to day I made enquiries about a 
sandy beach, but all information I could get was, that it was 
above 30. miles distance. Though I was anxious of seeing 
such a place here, I had to give up the idea, as I had injured 
one of my feet very much on the day before yesterday. The 
big toe had inflamed itself to an alarming & painfull degree, 
the chief part of her skin having been rubbed off in travel- 
ling. I took another walk toward the lake, but observed 
nothing more than mentioned before. In the town the 
Hyoscyamus niger grows as a common weed in the streets. 
There are several specimens of very curious granit on the 
Lake shore in large blocks; they are red, mixed with black, 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 49 


greenish black & white. They would look betutifull if 
vorked into some monument. A small peple of similare 
construction I kept as a specimen. It does not appear to be 
any limestone in the banks of this lake, but I only seen a 
very small part of it, so I cannot exactly tell. My foot get- 
ting exceeding sore I concluted to return, as the place alto- 
gether was disagreeable to me. I could not stay to get it 
well here & so I sooner might return than stay, as I could do 
nothing here, I got on board a boat & proceeded up the 
river. 


At Oswego rift the Justicia pedunculosa was in flower— 
pedunculis longitudine foliorum, floribus capitatis, calyx 5 
—phyllus, subeequalis; foliolis lanceolatis tuba corolle lon- 
gio; corolla bilabiata, lab; superius planum, apice reflexum 
purpurascens, bifidum 1. emarginatum; lobis lateralibus 
erecto palentes, oblongo rotundato obtuse. Lab. inferius 
ovato oblongum, obtusum lateribus reflexum, eleganter 
rubro-purpurascens punctatum; anther gemine. 


I fished up several specimens of Valisneria, which grows 
in abundance in this river. Plantago major grows in the 
banks & sometimes in the water itself, with leaves so large 
as the Pothos feetida. I, at first, could hardly believe it to 
be Plantago. Pontederia cordata is very frequent. Pota- 
mogeton natans, gramincum & crispum cover the bottom of 
the water in large beds. The navigation up this river is 
very tedious on account of the rappids or rifts: we arrived 
in the evening at Oswego falls, where I stood over night. 


Augt. 2.—No boats going up to day, it being Sunday, I 
stood at the falls, as I was not able to undertake it on foot, 
on account of my sore toe. To spent the time to some pur- 
pose I got into a small boat & went in pursuit of aquatic 
plants. In a cove the river forms here, I found a field of 
Nymphea odora, beautifully in bloom. It is astonishing in 
how deep water some of these grow. I pulled up flower 
stems 11 feet long, which did not seem to be entire nighter. 
Potamogeton pectinatum has done flowering. I observed 
this plant likewise last year in Virginia. A species of E.qui- 
setum, growing in four feet water, seemed to me strange; 
maybe it is a stem of the Hippuris? Sagittaria lancifolia— 
this plant was quite new to me, having never seen it before. 
A singular aquatic plant, with serrated leaves, I never could 


50 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


quite make out what this is. I seen it frequently in New 
River last year. On some of the stones I found a curious 
plant attached to the rocks under water: it is articulated &. 
consists of green joints, like blatters: may be it is a 
zoophyte! Ranunculus aquatilis, &c. On a gravelly island 
I found the Lobelia cardinalis in flower. About the shore I 
observed a Silene without flowers; specimens preserved. 


Augt. 3.—This morning I got on board a boat again; ob- 
served nothing new excepting a long leaved grass which was. 
floating on the water; the boatmen calld it Wild rice & said 
I would see plenty of it farther up, which was the case. It 
covers here the shore, & is, when in flower, quit upright. I 
suppose it to be the Zizania fluitans—at any rate it is a Ziza-. 
nia. Water snakes are very plenty in this river, & lay 
sometimes on the logs in swarms. It is very disgusting to. 
see them & eat eel afterward. It soon began to rain, & I 
was exposed to it all this day, till we came to Three River’ 
Point, where we stopped & took dinner. It keeping on rain-: 
ing we stood here over night. 


4.—We left Three Rivers this morning. I seen several 
ducks which are apt of alighting on trees; for this they are: 
calld wood ducks. As we had good wind I had not much 
oportunity of observing any water plants: all I seen, how-- 
ever, were the same observed yesterday. When we came to: 
the outlet of Onondaga lake, the Creek was coverd at its: 
bottom with Chara, which the boatmen call Feather beds. 
The lake has exceeding clear water & a white bottom, which,,. 
I suppose, consist of shells, as above mentioned. We ar- 
rived at the Salt point about noon. Having taken some- 
thing to refresh myself here, I proceeded on to the Hollow, 
being very anxious of getting a letter which would allow me: 
to proceed on my yourney, as I thought this place & neigh- 
borhood sufficiently explored. I found a letter from Dr. B. 
containing 10 Doll. but not leave to go on, or any direction 
whatever. I likewise got letters from Mr. Hart at Wilkes-- 
barre, & Mr. Wagner at Easton, concerning my trunk, 
which I intend to order to be sent back to Philadelphia, as it: 
is only a vexation of letting it follow on. 


5.—Having plenty of plants to take care of. 
6. I devoted the first part to it. Wrote letters, &c. 
7. These 4 days were constantly raining; 


PURSH’S JOURNAL | 51 


8. I was not able to do any thing out of doors. 


9.—Having no other persuit and the weather getting fair 
again, I went to Salt Point. I observed, besides the plants 
mentioned before, a species of Andropogon, very tall— 
Monarda clinopodia, as I suppose; the stem is solid & looks 
different from M. allophylla—Hydrophylum canadense, 
Stag Cabbage—Blitum—Silene pensylvanica—Chenopo- 
dium anthelminticum—dAster conyzoides—Hieracium spec. 
—Hedysarum nudicaule—acuminat. & very tall large 
flowering sort, which makes a very fine show.—Urtica pro- 
cera P. which I seen with Mr. Hamilton, who calls it U. 
gracilis. This evening set in raining again, which obliged 
me to stay at the Point. 


10.—Rain all day; was confined to the house in conse- 
quence. 


11.—Returned to the Hollow. Being sick & tired of this 
place, I expected to find letters for me, which would put me 
in a way to leave it, but wag disappointed. 


12.—Having been informed about the town of Pompey, 
having the highest land in this neighborhood, I concluded to 
visit it, as I had nothing else to do; accordingly I set out & 
arrived there about noon. The rise which the road makes, 
after leaving the main turnpike, is indeed astonishing. Be- 
fore reaching the highest part of it I had a view of Onon- 
daga & Oneida lake. The whole of the hill is under cultiva- 
tion, consequently not very well answering my persuits. 
When I arrived at the town every thing was in a bustle 
about the militia parade, for to draft the number required 
towards the N. Y. state militia, as required by proclamation. 
I spent the afternoon in looking at their proceedings; noth- 
ing new this day. A Sonchus, common almost every where, 
grew here to the astonishing hight of 10. feet & more. The 
ground, generally, is exceeding rich & the timber, to the 
highest top of the hill, is beach & maple. Very handsome 
formed trees of Crategus Crus-galli, I observed very fre- 
quent.—Urtica procera—Helianthus squarrosus—Rud- 
beckia laciniata, Circzea alpina, &c. 


Augt. 13.—Having been informed about a very high fall 
of water at Pratts Mills, I went to see it: it is about 3 m. 
from the place I stood at over night. I crossed several high 


52 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


lands, interrupted by valleys, & came to the little stream 
which forms these falls. When I came to it I could not per- 
ceive where it could have so powerfull a fall, as it was told 
me, as the ground seemed to go very gently downwards, as 
far as the eye could reach, & bordered at the East & West, 
or rather hemd in by a ridge, over which it could not run, & 
through which there was no opening. But when I came to 
the mill I was very agreeably surprised, by seeing the water 
fall down a precipice nearly perpendiculare, to the depth of 
above 300 feet, in a deep gloomy hollow all at once. I was 
anxious of getting down to the bottom, which I with some 
difficulty dit, & indeed a more romantick scene I never be- 
held; the vegetation is chiefly Hemlock & Maple. I ob- 
served here a beautifull species of Hypnum, which covered 
the ground: Pyrola secunda & umbellata in great plenty; 
Lycopodium serratum & complanatum likewise. Nothing 
new in vegetation. I expected to find some impressions 
here, as the bed of the brook looked somewhat like slate ob- 
served at Wilkesbarre, but I turned up several stones & 
found none. The rocks consists of a grey slate, which 
sometimes gives very good wet stones. 


This hollow follows the run, with very steep banks as far 
as I dit trace it. From here, after having my curiosity 
satisfied, I proceeded down the hill again & arrived at night 
at Onondaga. In my way there I observed Onosmodium— 
Amaranthus albus, &c. 


14.—| These three days being very interrupted with rain, 

15.—\I dit but little go out; & when I dit, seen nothing 

16.—| worth noticing. My anxiety of getting away from 
here is beyond all description. 


17.—This day all the place was alive with the muster of 
militia for a drafting of them. I was not well all day. 


18.—Having nothing else to do, & being almost out of 
patience of staying any longer at this place, I took a walk to 
Salt point; went through the marshes & along the banks of 
the lake, without any thing materially worth notice. I had 
not before observed the Gymnocladus canadensis grows on 
the banks of this lake, but I dit not see one large tree of all, 
being very criply & small. 


I found Lobelia Ciaytoniana—Gerardia purpurea—Lysi- 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 53 


machia ciliata, &c. Most every body in this place is in- 
flicted with a bad cold or catarrh, which they call the in- 
fluenza. 


19.—Those days I spent in expectation of letters for my 
20.—departure; not being able to account for the delay I 


21.—was out of all patience, & if it had not been for want 
of money I should return to Philadelphia the nearest route 
IT could find. I wrote the 21st to Dr. B. on the subject. I 
have not the heart of doing any thing for spleen & sorrow. 
On a walk I found near Onondaga court house, Dipsacus 
laciniatus? Willd. 


22.—To day, at last, I received a letter I so long had 
looked for with anxiety, including 20 Dll. As my rent and 
expenses here were high, not much was left to me to go 
upon; but still when I am on the Road, I can make my way 
cheaper than when I stay at a place. I set about preparing 
myself immediately & beginn my journey to Vermont on 
Monday next. 


23.—This morning I found myself very ill: the Influenza 
prevalent to a very high degree hereabouts got hold of me 
likewise, & attacked me with the most violent headache ever 
I have felt. I was forced to lay down; as soon as I got 
somewhat over the fever I got some Thoroughwort, set up 
with gin, which I used very freely, bathing my feet at night 
in warm water, & drank a large portion of sage tea. 


24.—Felt somewhat better this morning, but affected 
with violent headache still; all apetit for eating lost. 


25.—Somewhat recovered; headache ceasing; as I found 
people getting more & more sickly I concluded to leave this 
as soon as I could any ways be able to stand the yourney. 


26.)—Recovering some I prepared for leaving this to 

red (morrow, with the stage, as I thought it the best way, 
in my present situation, to go on with it as far as it would 
be in my route. 


23,.—_-_Having inclosed specimens, seeds & minerals in a 
good box, which I left to the care of Mr. Geddes, I settled 
my bill here, & in the evening went off with the stage, which 
only goes about 7 m. farther on from here. 


54 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


- 29.—This morning we passed through the beautiful vil- 
lage of the Oneidas; it lays in a most charming situation. 
At night arrived at Utica; as the stage lays here over Sun- 
day I had to stay to, which would give me a chance of seeing 
some.of the plants of this neighborhood. 


30. Took an excursion about the town. Among other 
common plants I observed here Clematis virginiana, Inula 
helenium, Rudbeckia laciniata, &c., but nothing worth any 
particular notice. In the walk I experienced the weakness 
which my sickness had occasioned, very much, which low- 
ered my spirits very considerable, as I thought what a situa- 
tion I must come to if I,should fall sick now, & be deprived 
of going on in my persuits. I really have never been more 
alarmed by my illness than I am now, which must be owing 
to the relaxation & debility of all the frame, which this In- 
fluenza occasions. 


31.—From Utica I had about 50 m. to come where the 
road turns off to Johnstown, the route recommended me to 
go to Ruttland & the heath of lake Champlain. I arrived 
at the falls of the Mohock, where we dined about 2 o’clock. 
While they were preparing dinner I took a short excursion 
back to the falls—Here I observed Verbena officinalis, Ver- 
bascum Blattaria, Mentha spec. Potamogeton natans & sev- 
eral species of Aster & Solidago, all very familiar to me; 
different sorts of the more common ferns covered the rocks: 
viz. Polypodium vulgare, Nephrodium dentatum, marginale, 
&c. Here I left the stage & took up my lodging at the tav- 
ern for night, with intentions of going on towards Saratoga, 
on foot to morrow. 


Sept. 1.—From Palatine church, where I stayd last night, 
I proceeded this morning on foot, to the left of the stage 
road. The road passes through a Pine woods, consisting 
chiefly of white Pine, & in place of beach & Hemlock. The 
Coreopsis bidens, or I suppose what is called now connate, 
got very common along the roadside, in wet places. In the 
same situation Gnaphalium inundatum is common; where 
the water is more plenty the Leersia oryzoides, among the 
species of Juncus & Scirpus, is a common grass. I ob- 
served, along fences, a species of Galeopsis, with flowers 
different from all the european, as I recollect. Hydrocotyle 
americana is common here. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 55 


After reaching Johnstown, a considerable village, I went 
on about 6 or 7. m. further, where I put up for night. 
Along the road sides here, Tanacetum vulgare, Inula hele- 
nium, Sonchus canadensis, &c., are common plants. In the 
valleys the productions are similar to the beach woods. 


2.—This day I travelled through nothing but Pine Woods, 
interspersed here & there with barrens of Dwarf Oak 
(Quercus prinos pumila:) nothing new. The plants in 
flower, mentioned in the general Index, arrived at night at 
‘Balltown. 


3.—Balltown springs lay in a deep hollow. The situation 
very romantick. I expected to get something curious about 
this place and Saratoga. The excursions about the grounds 
produced nothing new. I observed Veronica—Anagallis 
aquatica—Bidens frondosa & bipinnata—Clematis. virgin. 
—Buphthalmum helianthoides—mimulusalatus — Veroica 
scutellata. The road from Balltown to Saratoga goes 
through barren pine woods, where I observed a species of 
Hieracium, which I suppose is called H. scabrum, Mich.— 
Glycine comosa is frequent. About Saratoga Springs, Cam- 
panula erinoides—Rudbeckia, lacinita, several species of 
Nephrodium—Spirea salicifolia—Eupatorium maculatum 
—Cornium maculatum? in great abundance. 


One of the springs, calld the Rockspring at Saratoga, is a 
great natural curiosity. The rock projects, in the shape of 
a flat cone about 4. feet above ground, & has an apature of 
about 10. inches in the middle, out of which they get the 
water, which is about 3. feet down & makes a continued 
noise, like it were boiling.—The country about here is bar- 
ren, & not answering my expectations of finding some 
curiositys. The soil is full of limestone & the rocks chiefly 
consist of this & a granit, like wake, mixed with calcareous 
particles. 


4.—Left Saratoga—the road through barren pine woods, 
mixed some time with Shrub Oak, Podalyria tinctoria, 
Helianthus frondosus—Lobelia Claytoniana, &c. Nothing 
new. Stayed over night 6. m. from Gleens falls. 


5.—Gleens Falls are very interesting to see them. I de- 
tained myself for about two hours here, to see if I could not 
find something new on the rocks, but was disappointed. The 


56 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


Juniperus comenunis, or else a variety of it, grows on the 
rocks below the falls. I got exceeding week & tired, & see- 
ing a chance of riding in a wagon to Fort Ann, I took it. I 
arrived there at night fall. 


6.—Rested myself at Fort Ann. Potamogeton grami- 
neum & natans—Humulus Lupulus—a species of Carduus, 
with small flowers & very spinous leaves, calld here Canada 
thistle, beginns here. It was quit new to me. 


7.—F rom Fort Ann the road leads chiefly along the banks 
of Wood creek—with rocky shores of indurated clay & lime 
stone; high hills in sight on all sides—soil very stony & ap- 
pearantly poor. At Skeansborough, which is the head of 
lake Champlain, I made a short stay to examine the 
meadows & banks of the lake. Lilium superb.—Iris vir- 
giniana—Sagittaria—Mimulus—Viburnum nudum — Len- 
tago—Cephalanthus & some more common plants men- 
tioned in other places. I arrived at Fairhaven at night. 


8.—The white pine is here the chief timber. I observed 
here in the woods a species of Willow new to me. All this 
day I travelled through cultivated lands on the side of the 
mountains. When I came near to Ruttland I pased the Ira 
mountain, which appears to be a very interesting spot, & 
though necessity forced me to go on, I was determined to 
return to it some other day to ascend it. The timber here 
is chiefly Hemlock—Pine—Spruce—Beech—Poplar—Sugar 
Maple, &c.—no Oak. Arrived at night at Ruttland, having 
travelled all day in the rain & fatigued myself to the utmost. 


Sept. 9.—After enquiring in the Post office for letters for 
me & finding none, I took a small walk about the town. Ob- 
served nothing new tome. The road sides are covered with 
Canada thistle & Verbena hastata. It having not ceased 
raining, beside my not feeling very well after getting so 
very wett yesterday, I was obliged to keep the house & rest 
myself. Killington peak, which is said to be the highest part 
of Vermont, is in sight of the town & makes a very respect- 
able figur. I wrote a letter to Dr. B. as I am destitute of 
cloathes & the weather beginning to get very raw & cold, I 
will not be able to stay long here unless I get means of buy- 
ing cloathes fitt for the season. 


10.—It clearing off very fine but the air very cold; a very 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 57 


bad cold makes me afraid of having a relapse of Influenza. 
I felt so ill that I kept the house most all day. 


11.—Feeling somewhat better, I dryed how a good exer- 
cise on the mountains might agree with me. I set out after 
breakfast. The foot of the mountain beginng about 2. m. 
from the town. In a Hemlock swamp I found Cypripedium 
canadense or spectabile—Orchis latifolia? Nephrodium 
Dryopteris, Vaccinium hispidulum. This plant had beauti- 
ful white berries like wax work. I dont know whether this 
plant all ways bears white berries or not, as I am but little 
acquainted with it. Most all the plants & shrubs mentioned 
on Pokono mountain & the beach woods grow here. In 
ascending the mountain I found Epilobium angustifol. in 
flower & seed. Aster surculosus, which I observed last sea- 
son on Salt Pond mountain, grows in plenty here. Aster 
flexuosus, &c., & several species of Solidago, among which 
the principal sort is S. canadensis. 


I ascended a very high ridge, near which one of the peaks 
is, but feeling weak & to much in apprehension of being 
obliged to stay out all night if I should attempt to ascent it, 
I deferred it to an other day, when I might be better in 
health & more provided with cloathes to stand the cold 
weather over night. I took my route over the ridge & went 
a north course along the side of the mountain, for about 6. 
m. crossing a number of wild mountain creeks & brooks, 
seemingly very interesting for plants, but the season is to 
late; every thing worth notice has decayed & disappeared all 
ready, & the few plants I took notice of I had seen in abund- 
ance before. I arrived out of the woods in a road that 
leads over the mountains, & took up my lodging the first 
tavern I came to. — 


12.—Returned to Ruttland again. I had collected yester- 
day a very singular species of Equisetum, which appears 
new. The Medeola virginica has here all ways a red centre, 
which Mr. Lyon took for a remarkable variety, but I believe 
it is all ways the case when the berries are ripe. Along the 
main street of Ruttland I found a species of Artemisia. 


14.—The morning very cold. I took an excursion to 
Meets falls. Hamamelis in plenty & beginning to flower. I 
observed all the flowers to be hermaphrodites. Quercus 


58 ONONDAGA HISTCRICAL ASSOCIATION 


alba in a dwarfish state. Oak timber is very scarce to be 
seen hereaboutgs. Viola debilis in flower; Ilex canadensis— 
A species of Prunus like P. acuminata, &c. I returned to 
Ruttland very ill disposed: cold & without cloathes & money, 
& no letters arrived, made me more sick than I actually 
would have been. 


15.—My illness turned out into a fever & bloody flux, 
which alarmed me very much in the present situation. 


16.—Very cold night & morning. Killington peak was 
covered with snow; which stood all day, though the sun 
came out for several hours. 


17.—By using several medicines I got so much better of 
the flux that I took a walk. I chewed most all day the tops 
of the branches of Spruce, which seemed to do good to me. 
Populus candicans & balsamifera are planted in the streets 
of Ruttland, & grow about here frequent. I observed the 
Verbena hastata to be a truly didynamous & tetrandous 
plant. Got somewhat warmer to day. 


18.—Took an excursion towards the mountain. Aralia 
hispida in berries—Ilex canadensis—Orobranche virginica 
—Observed Aster infirmus—Circsea alpina—Xylosteum 
tartaricum—Gentiana saponaria—Axalia racemosa, &c. 


19.—Staid in the house, worn down with sickness & vexa- 
tion of mind about not receiving any support whatever. 


20.—However disappointed I had been in former excur- 
sions, I wished to ascend one of the highest peaks in this 
part. I went about 7. m. from here to one which is called 
Pico. Arrived there in the afternoon & spent the rest of 
the day on the foot of the peak, to ascend early in the morn- 
ing. 

21.—With a great deal of fatigue I ascended the peak, the 
morning very cold & damp. Observed nothing new; the 
Hemlock & Spruce towards the top of a cripply growth, 
being depressed by heavy snows & cold air & very difficulte 
to come through. My expectations being not answered I 
soon descended & returned to Ruttland. 


22.—Seeing no other means of getting away from here, 
than to contrive some way to get money to go on with, & pay 
my reckoning here, I, with great reluctance, sold my fowl- 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 59 


ing piece this day. God knows whether the money will be 
enough to bring me on, but I must rough it through as well 
as [ can. 


23.—This night I received at last & almost to late, a letter. 
My mind has been made up to return as quick as possible to 
Philadelphia, & I will do it now, the letter notwithstanding. 


24.—Left Ruttland. 
25.—Through Timouth to Battonkill. 
26.—Arrived at Troy. 


27.—From Troy to Albany, & Baltimore, a small landing 
place. 


28.—Come to Cattskill. 


29.—When I came to Kingstown I took stage to New 
York, being to much tired to go on longer on foot. 


30.—On the road to New York. 

Octb. 1.—Arrived at New York. 

2.—Rain. 

3.—Seen the houses of the Botanick garden at New York. 
4,.—Left New York with the Packet. 


5.—Arrived at Philadelphia wharf after 12 0 clock in the 
night, & staid on board untill the 6, when I went ashore. 


60 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


NOTES ON PURSH’S JOURNAL BY THE REV. WM. M. 
BEAUCHAMP 


At the head of the fly leaf of the little volume of 87 pages, 
which I have just copied and compared, appears the name of 
L. Leonora Goodrich, long the honored president of the 
famous Syracuse Botanical Club. Below this we read the 
autograph presentation of the book by her daughter :— 
“Presented to the Onondaga Historical Association, Syra- 
cuse, N. Y., by Mrs. J. G. Barker, April 28, 1928.” At the 
head of the 39th page Mrs. Goodrich’s autograph again 
appears. She was born July 2, 1831, and died April 5, 
1923. The book was given her by Mr. Thos. P. Jones, for 
whom it was privately printed. in 1889, as an appreciation 
of her valued local work. She was long a director and libra- 
rian of the Onondaga Historical Association, and in 1912 
issued the 


FLORA 


Of Onondaga County as Collected by the 
Members of the 


SYRACUSE BOTANICAL CLUB 


COMPILED, CLASSIFIED AND 
CATALOGUED BY 


Mrs. Leonora Hutchinson Goodrich 
President of Syracuse Botanical Club 
1912 


Printed by 
THE McDONNELL CO. 
Syracuse, N. Y. 


A few additions have been made to this and more should 
follow, but it represents a great and painstaking work, in 
the face of many difficulties. Since the middle of February 
and the end of April, 1923, the Club has lost four faithful 
members. 


In editing a new edition of Pursh’s Journal, which covers 
about 414 months of the year 1807, my method has been to 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 61 


commence in the spring and end in the fall, some days get- 
ting little attention, and others a good deal. I have made 
some changes in punctuation and corrected some evident 
errors. Apparently Pursh never wrote “and,” and always 
used Y for J in journey. Such changes in use may be 
passed over as of little consequence. It is curious, however, 
to see how small a field Pursh explored in this county. He 
went to Oswego, indeed, but for the most vibrated between 
Onondaga Hollow and Salt Point. He found the Scolopen- 
drium on the Geddes farm but knew nothing of Scolopen- 
drium Lake and other haunts of that and other rare ferns. 
He heard nothing of Rockwell Springs or the great Cicero 
Swamp, though he did reach Liverpool. He confined him- 
self to a small and disagreeable field while unseen floral 
treasures lay all around him. There were difficulties, ‘of 
course. + 


I find that he was fairly equipped for his work. He had 
a pocket compass. Incidentally I learn that he had a pai. 


of shoes as well as boots; then that he had a tin box for 


specimens; then that he had a fowling piece, which he valued, 


much but never used. I wonder why he carried it around.. 
A squirrel he killed I suppose died in some more primitive* 


{*% 
wr de 


way. 


Mr. Pursh resided as a botanist in the United States, 
1799-1811, and published Flora Americe Septentrionalis in 
London, 1814, before his return to Canada, where he hoped 
to prepare a Canadian Flora. 


These notes of the Pennsylvania, New York and Vermont 
journey follow. 


He made a good beginning by taking his baggage to the 
station, May 26, and remaining with it over night, thus get- 
ting a fairly good seat when the crowded coach left at 4 
o’clock in the morning. At Easton he saw the attractive 
sign of the Golden Swan. A good bed and a swan’s down 
quilt! What a charming prospect for a weary man. He 
rested well that night. 


May 28 he left the stage, crossed the Lehigh river and did 
some botanizing, had a good time but no wonderful results. 
The next day he went up the Bush Kill and found the 
Leather wood, much more frequent farther north. 


a 


Kt 4 


ie ‘an’ 


ea 
t. } 


hws 
Wey ye 
ail 
aipetn 
Spite 
1a 


* i 


62 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


May 30, he was impressed by the scenery and said not a 
word about plants. Geological changes in river formation 
gave him food for thought, as he trudged on, but he was not 
well informed in deeper geological questions. However he 
hoped to examine the Water Gap quite closely the following 
day, but failed in this. The next day also was rainy, and 
thus he was not impressed with the grandeur of the scene. 


June 2 he did some botanical work but found nothing 
new, and this was the case the next day, when he climbed 
the rocks at the Water Gap. He described the latter in de- 
tail and mentioned all the plants he saw. 


June 4 he was still at the Gap, where he reasonably 
thought there might have been a great cataract in earlier 
days. The next day he ascended the valley to the Minisink 
country, which was in New York and New Jersey. Rutten- 
ber said of this name, ““Minnisink is from Minnis, an island, 
and ink, locality . . . The name has a very general 
application to lands, in Pennsylvania as well as in New 
York, known as the Minnisink country. It had its origin in 
the tradition that the land was covered with water and 
broke through the mountain at the Water Gap or Poho- 
qualin, and is said to mean the land from which the water is 
gone.” This can only be sustained by going back to the 
primary meaning of an island as a dry place. In my Chip- 
pewa New Testament Minisink is used for an island. This 
day he found Podophyllum called Mandrake. Nothing spe- 
cial for several days. | 


June 9, he found Pyrola umbellata taking its N. Y. name 
Prince’s Pine. The next day the Beach woods are men- 
tioned. This is always Pursh’s spelling, but Mr. James 
occasionally corrects this and I find no fault. Two days 
later he wisely got rid of his trunk. He then determined to 
go by way of Wilkesbarre and Mount Pokono, there being, 
on the top of the latter, some large and attractive swamps. 


June 138.—For the first time he mentions Orchis bifolia, 
but found but one plant. Later he found many and gave a 
very full account of it. It is rare here, but I will speak of it 
again. He found a good road to the top of Pokono, which 
is now a favorite summer regort. He was delighted with 
the flowers. One Trillium he called T. pictum on account of 
the red stripes at the base of the petals. It is one of the 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 63 


loveliest of the species and is found here. The Trailing 
Arbutus grew there, too, a commoner plant here than many 
suppose. When he left the mountain top he soon came 
down to common things again. 


With Wilkesbarre he was charmed and foretold a great 
future for it. Of course the ferns he found in the coal slate 
were not the modern ones he supposed, but they delighted 
his eye, even while they lacked the rich hues of a later life. 
He visited a coal pit, but in the little mining done methods 
were rude. Here he became very weak and ill, and was no 
better for many days. Naturally his old remedies failed 
when he would not give up work and at last he realized that 
he was in a very dangerous condition. 


His account of Oxalis acetosella, as found here, differs 
greatly from any I have seen. One curious aid he used at 
times, a fl. for anteflowering; p. fl. for post flowering. June 
26 he gave his elaborate account of Orchis latifolia which at 
Hopbottom was called Allheal. The Pigeon Pea, at the 
same place, seems to have been the Squirrel Corn. The 
next day he was told of quite white Cypridediums in a Cran- 
berry marsh, which he thought, from the description, re- 
lated to C. acaulc, as it probably was, such a distinct variety 
occurring in Onondaga county. 


Chenango Point (July 1) is now Binghamton, and I 
remember it as a pleasant and flourishing village in 1850. 
In 1860 its population was 8,818; and it is now a city of im- 
portance. Its first name came from the Chenango river, 
which passed through it. Chenango, as an Onondaga name, 
means Bull Thistles. He came next to Owego, an early 
Indian name which, according to Morgan, means Where the 
Valley widens. It was in the Cayuga territory, and in the 
historic period the Cayugas shifted their village there about 
the mouth of the creek as convenience required. 


Tioga Point is at the confluence of the Chenango and Sus- 
quehanna rivers and has historic importance from its con- 
nection with the Sullivan expedition in 1779. The name 
means At the Forks, or perhaps more exactly, Meeting of 
the Waters, thus forming a point or fork by the union of 
two large streams. The Iroquois give this name to several 
places in New York. Some mistakenly translate it A Gate. 
Thig is not the meaning and a much longer word would be 


64 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


required, but, on the other hand, through this historic gate- 
way the N. Y. Iroquois sent their war parties against their 
southern foes. 


July 6th he left the Susquehanna valley and went north- 
ward up Cayuta Creek. This Iroquois word meant simply 
a creek or river, and it was the outlet of Cayuta Lake. This 
day he found a lily which he described because he did not 
remember its name. I call it the Wood Lily, because I have 
found it only in woods; Mrs. Goodrich preferred the Red 
Lily from its color. Both names are in common use. 


On the 7th he got a ride, but for the most part of the way 
merely placed his impedimenta in the wagon, which he could 
easily outwalk. In Sapony Hollow he found traces of some- 
what recent Indian occupation. The Saponies were a 
southern tribe, adopted by the Cayugas, but changing their 
village sites often. They were still at Sapony Hollow in 
1771, and for some time longer. Here Pursh saw the Mag- 
nolia acuminata for the only time in his trip. I shall speak 
of this again. 


July 8.—The beautiful gorge and waterfall which so 
charmed Pursh, on the north side of Cornell University, is 
well worth a visit, even if it involves hard climbing. I cor- 
rect here an evident mistake. He wrote interesting when 
he meant the reverse. The next day he observed the Mul- 
berry cultivated in orchard rows. It was extensively adver- 
tised more than 80 years ago, and on a place I owned in 
Skaneateles, 65 years ago, trees still grow in rows. These 
were of the white fruited kind, and quite delicious. 


Hardenburgh’s Corners had the name changed to Auburn 
in 1805, but this did not immediately affect general use. 
Owasco, for the lake and outlet had this name from early 
days, varying slightly in form, but persistent in meaning. 
Cammerhoff, in 1750, wrote it Achsgo, as a Moravian natur- 
ally would; Charlevoix called it As-co; A. Cusick gave it to 
me as Os-co, Bridge over Water, and Morgan wrote it 
Was-co, Floating Bridge, from the Cayuga dialect. It ig 
probable that there was a permanent bridge there, of some 
kind, in quite early days, but with the use of horses there 
came a change, and a simple bridge was made only when 
needed. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 65 


Skaneateles is one form of an Iroquois word, meaning 
long lake. The Cayuga and Onondaga dialects climinate 
the 1. 


Onondaga, On the Mountain, in old times had Ronon 
added, to express People. As a place name it varied slightly 
in form. 


While he talked with many, Pursh mentioned the names 
of but three residents of Onondaga County: John Adams, 
his landlord, but once; Squire Geddes and Captain Webster, 
several times but without their first names. James Geddes 
was born in Carlisle, Pa., July 23, 1763, and first came to 
Onondaga in 1798, to see the salt springs, was well pleased, 
returned home and organized a salt company, and in 1794 
came back by way of Seneca Lake, well equipped with salt 
kettles, founded the village of Geddes and built his salt 
blocks there. Dr. Barton may have been one of the stock- 
holders. 


To know anything of Onondaga was to know about 
Ephraim Webster, and I need say nothing more of this in- 
teresting man, save to say that one purpose of my éditing 
this journal is to carry out his promise to Pursh, which cir- 
cumstances prevented his fulfilling. In fact they met no 
more after that day. | 


July 12, Pursh saw the salt springs for the first time and 
gave an interesting account of them, somewhat different 
from what Father LeMoyne found, Aug. 16, 1654, when he 
gaid: “We arrive at the entrance of a small lake, in a 
great basin half dried; we taste the water of a spring which 
they dare not drink, saying that there is a demon within 
which renders it fetid; having tasted it, I found that it was 
a fountain of salt water; and in fact we made salt from it as 
natural as that from the sea, of which we carried a sample 
to Quebec.” Thus commenced the manufacture and exporta- 
tion of salt from these springs. 


On this day he first mentioned his useful botanical tin 
case. 


July 14, he visited Webster, who was not then living on 
his Mile Square, at the Hollow, but three miles south, on his 
300 Acre Tract. There I once met his youngest son, Halen, 
about 80 years later. 


66 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


On his second visit to Webster, July 18, came the mention 
of Onondaga names of trees and herbs, and also of the 
deadly Cicuta maculata, found then throughout Onondaga 
and still frequent on the Reservation. We yet hear of fatal 
results from chewing or eating the root. It is frequently 


COL 


mentioned in Seneca stories and distinguished as ‘“‘the root.” 


July 20 was a memorable day, for he had a guide and 
made a wonderful “find.” Mr. Geddes took him to a rough 
and dangerous place where he found the Scolopendrium or 
Hart’s Tongue Fern. He did not know, indeed, that it grew 
in abundance within a few miles, but if he had known that. 
a hundred years later, all the botanists of the United States 
had been unable to find more than three stations for it, in 
all North America, he might have shown more elation. He 
asked one question: “Is the European auriculated at the 
base, like this species?”?’ Now I find no difference in the 
base of our plants when compared with an English speci- 
men lying before me, though the frond is a little wider. But 
Mr. H. E. Ransier, of Manlius, has examples where the 
auricle, on either side, becomes a pointed projection, giving’ 
the whole frond a kind of halbert-like appearance. Was 
Pursh’s query suggested by finding fronds of this unusual 
type? The whole rocky gorge was full of botanical trea--. 
sures. 


In 1880, at Hon. George Geddes’s desire, the S. B. C. went 
to the Geddes Gorge and re-discovered it after the lapse of 
73 years. Mrs. G. said it was afterward found at James-. 
ville and Chittenango Falls, a slip of the pen, for A. Gray, 
1848 edition, mentions the Chittenango Falls station as then 
well known. I myself got this fern at the Jamesville Green 
lakes, Aug. 3, 1881, and met a botanist looking for it at. 
what is now Green Lake Park, June 11, 1866. He came 
from a distance but he knew it was there. It is usual to: 
class these neighboring stations as one group. 


July 30 he was fairly on his way to Oswego. Below Three 
Rivers Point he found plants of Anona triloba, the North 
American Papaw, east of its usual range and never reported 
here since. Next day, near Oswego, he saw Hydrocotyle 
umbellata, but without flowers. It is one of the rarest of 
Onondaga plants. He had a disagreeable time, and “was. 
not able to get one civil man by whom” he could get desired. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 67 


information. I doubt whether, from what he said, he was 
very civil himself. He had a sore toe, poor man, and thus 
“the place altogether was disagreeable to” him. He tooka 
boat and went up the river. 


In spite of all he accomplished it is interesting to see how 
much he missed. Near Oswego Falls he saw the white 
Water Lily for the first and only time in his Onondaga wan- 
derings. There, too, he found a few of the Scarlet Cardinal 
flowers. The full omissions are many in number. Birds 
were out of his line but he did mention the beautiful wood 
duck. The Chara in the Onondaga outlet, which the boat- 
men called Feather Beds, I have been unable to identify by 
Pursh’s usual name. 


Aug. 12 he went to Pompey Hill, where a military parade 
was going on. He said it included a draft of militia, a new 
idea to me. He was boy enough to watch the parade all the 
afternoon. The next day he went to Pratt’s Falls. which 
interested him greatly. He thought them over 300 feet 
high, the actual height being 137 feet. On the 17th came a 
militia parade at the Hollow, but, being unwell, he took no 
interest in this, and on the 29th he left the place, going to 
Lake Champlain by way of the Mohawk valley and Sara- 
toga. At Fort Ann, Sept. 6, for the first time, he saw the 
Canada Thistle. The limit of his journey was Rutland, 
Vermont, where he sold his gun. Luckily he had a remit- 
tance on the 23d and thus reached Philadelphia, Oct. 6, in 
comparative comfort, though walking much of the way. 


ONONDAGA INDIAN NAMES OF TREES, PLANTS 
“AND FLOWERS, RECEIVED BY REV. W. M. 
BEAUCHAMP FROM ALBERT CUSICK, 
SA-GO-NA-QUA-DE 


My good friend, Albert Cusick, one day showed me his 
first attempts at recording and translating Indian names. 
He had done work of this kind for another of my friends, 
Dr. Horatio Hale of Canada, in the preparation of “The 
Iroquois Book of Rites.” In this Mr. Cusick was an inter- 
mediary between Dr. Hale and some Onondaga chiefs, not 
so much translating words and sentences as eliciting infor- 
mation and solving difficulties. Dr. Hale already had a 


68 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


manuscript copy of the Iroquois Condolence, with a fair 
translation, but came to Onondaga twice to perfect this for 
publication. 


For his own purposes Mr. Cusick had also a plan which 
he laid before me. He was fond of flowers, and wished to 
record the Onondaga names of some of these, but to add to 
their value by giving the primitive meaning of the names. 
Of course he soon found the limitations. First meanings 
were often lost and the name was a name and nothing more. 
After that we worked together, gradually enlarging our 
field of action, but since his death I have done but little. 


The proper listing of names would follow botanical lines, 
but the more convenient alphabetical mode will be used 
here, and minor matters will be cared for. I take some 
words from Zeisberger and others, but indicate but a few of 
his. Cusick’s are syllabled. | 


Acorn.—O-so-kwah. (Z.) Orichtizera. 


Adder’s Tongue or. Dog-tooth Violet.—Je-gah-kwi-tah. 
The Tuscarora name for this is Yu-tya-nah-re, Crooked 
shin. 


Alder, Black.—Ka-nus-ta-che, Black stick. It may be 
Acer or Viburnum, but I do not quite make it out. De- 
scribed as a shrub or small tree, with leaves like a maple 
but with black bark. 


Alder.—Too-see-sa. 
Anise.—Os-ta-yah. 
Apple-tree.—Swa-hu-na, Big Apple. 


Apple, Wild Crab.—O-yah On-we, Real Apple or fruit; i. 
e. Original Apple-—Transferred also from the wild to the 
Siberian Crab Apple. 


Ash, Black or Swamp.—Ga-hoon-wa-yah. 


Ash, White—Ka-nek, and also a variety growing by 
water and used for baskets—Ka-neh-ho-yah, Another kind 
of Ash. 


Ash Tree.—Ka-hen-we-yah. This differs a little from 
another form, and may refer to a boat. 


Ash, Prickly.—Ke-un-ton. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL, _ 69 


Aspen.—Nut-ki-e, or Noisy leaf. 

Aster, Wild.—Ka-sa-ha-yen-tuk-wah, It brings the frost. 
Balsam Fir.—Cho-koh-ton, Blisters. 

Bark.—O-skon-tah. Also Rough Bark.—Go-en-wa. 
Barley.—Ta-ka-no-ska-e, Long whiskered. 

Barren Tree.—He-yah-ten Wah-tah-yone-yah-hah. 


Basswood.—Ho-ho-sa, It peels. The bark was used in 
eovering cabins, and the inner for cords. 


Beans.—Os-sa-ha-tah. Beside use in food, they were 
used as counters in games. 


Beech Tree.—O-ech-keh-a. 
Beech, White.—(Z.) Sraquaris. 


Beech Drops.—Och-ke-ah-kik-hah, It grows on beech 
grounds. 


Berry.—O-yah. 


Berry, Partridge.—Noon-yeah-ki-e-oo-nah-yeah. The first 
four syllables stand for the bird. 


Berry, Sheep.—Tone-da-we, Bushes in a cluster. 

Berry, Black.—Sa-he-is, Long Berry. 

Berry, Huckle-—O-hyah-che, Black Berry. 

Big Tree.—Ne-ah-te-en-tah-go-nah, Oneida council name. 
Birch Tree.—Oo-nah-koon-sah. 


Birch for Canoe.—Ga-nah-jeh,kwa, Birch that makes 
canoes. — 


Bittersweet.—Ko-noon-tas, Stick that makes you see. 
Black Walnut.—Dyut-soo-kwa-no-ne, Round nut. 
Blossom, To.—Ah-weh-ha. 

Boughs.—O-en-gah. 

Boughs, Along on.—Osgohageshon. 

Bower, He made.—Wahanoshen. 


Bower, She made a.—Waenoshen. 


70 ONONDAGA) HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


Box Tree.—Ka-hone-sa. 
Braid of Corn.—Kah-sten-sa., 
Bramble.—Sajis ohunta. 
Branch.—O-en-gah. 
Brushwod.—Ode-ko-hah. 
Buckthorn.—Ohecta. 


Buckwheat.—Te-ya-nah-cha-too-ken-ha, Square seed, i. e. 
angular. 


Bud.—Ose-kwa-yeah. 
Burdock.—Oo-nu-kwa-sa-wa-nehs, Big burr. 
Bush.—O-hoon-tah. 

Butterfly Weed.—Ah-wa-hi-da-gah. 
Butternut.—Oo-sook-kwa. 

Butternut Tree.—Oo-a-wat-hah. 
Buttercup.—O-jeht-kwa-ne-ah-wen-ho-tak. 
Cabbage.—Oo-na-soo. 

Cardinal Flower.—Ah-wen-ha-tah-kee, Dark red flower. 
Carrot.—O-jeet-kwah-ne-uk-ta-ha-ta, Yellow root. 
Catkins.—Ta-koose, Little cats, or kittens. 


Cat Tails.—Oo-na-too-kwa, Rushes that grow high, or 
Plenty of flags growing. Perhaps Much rushes in the 
Onondaga idiom, applying to either size or quantity. 


Catnip.—Ta-koos-ka-na-tuks, Cat-eating leaf. 
Cedar, White.—Oo-soo-ha-tah, Feather leaf. 
Cedar, Red.—O-nen-don-da-gri. 
Chestnut.—O-ha-yah-tah, Prickly burr. 


Chestnut, Horse.—O-ha-yah-tah-goo-na, Great prickly 
burr. 


Cherry.—He-ri, 


Cherry (fruit) .—Eri ochia. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL. YY 71 


Cherry Tree.—Eri. 

Cherry, Wild.—A-e. 

Cherry, Red.—Ja-e, Perhaps attempt at English name. 
Cherry, White.—Ja-e-goo-nah. 

Cherry, Choke.—Ne-a-tah-tah-ne, Somethink that chokes. 


Claytonia or Spring Beauty.—Ko-sah-tes-kon-kose-kas, 
Like something stale. 


Clematis.—Ka-nok-we-en-tah, Foggy, or Like the opened 
head of the Cat-tail. 


Clover, Red.—Ah-seh-ne-u-na-toon-tah, Three leaves. 
Clover, White.—Add word for white. 
Cluster.—Ote-ho-kwah. 

Cluster of Grapes.—Ojinquisere. 


Cohosh, Blue.—Oo-kah-ta, Not ripe. Applied to red and 
white kinds also. 


Cohosh.—Ka-koh-sah-tes-kas, Smells like a horse. Un- 
certain of kind. 


Cord-wood.—Ta-ka-en-ha-tah. 
Cork.—Ka-che,hah, To stop up hole. 
Corn.—O-ne-hah. 

White Corn.—O-na-hah-ka-ha-tah. 
Corn-cob.—O-no-kwen-yah. 
Corn-husk.—O-no-yah. 

Corn leaves.—Jo-wah-ses. 

Pop Corn.—One-ten-son, or Wah-te-sunk. 
Corn Meal.—O-chet-kwi-kon-ot-hach-ha. 
Corn, Ear of.—Onuchquaja. 

Corn ladle.—Ken-sto-kwah. 

Corn basket.—A-nen-oh-hite-ah. 


Cowslip, or Caltha palustris.—Ka-rah-wah-hawks, It 
opens the swamp. 


72 ONONDAGA) HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


Cranberry.—A-to-ka. 
Creeping Blackberry.—O-kah-hak-wah, Eye, or Eyeball. 


Crinkle Root, (Dentaria) .—O-ech-ken-tah, Braid, allud- 
ing to zigzag roots. 


Cucumber.—Ooct-no-skwi-ne, With prickles on it. 
Currant.—Ska-hens-skah-he. 


Daisy, Ox-eye.—Ko-hen-tuk-wus, It takes away your 
field. Applied to weeds, 


Dandelion.—O-we-wen-sah. 


Dicentra, Dutchman’s breeches and Squirrel corn.—The 
name for both is Hah-ska-nah-ho-ne-hah, Food for ghosts, 
or Ghost corn. 


Dogwood, Fiowering.—Kaw-see-saw. 
Down of Cat-tail.—O-nah-kwe-ah. | 
Elder Bush.—Qs-sa-ha, Frost on the bush. 


Elecampane.—Ook-to-ha-wa-ne, Big root. Also called 
Ko-a-wa-soont-hap, Flower coming from Sunflower. 


Klm.—Oo-koh-ha-tah. 

Klm, White.—Ohoskera. 

Elm, Swamp.—Garatkwa. 

Elm, Great Swamp.—Ga-yut-kwa-go-na. 

Elm, Red or Slippery.—Oo-hoosk-ah, It slips. The rude 


Iroquois canoes were made of the bark when it slipped in 
the spring. 


False Mitrewort.—Oo-goon-why-e, Hairy. Same name 
as the peach. 

Flag, Sweet.—Oo-a-hoot-tah. 

Flax.—Oo-skah, Thread-like, or Making threads. 

Flower.—Ah-weh-hah; in Oneida it is Ozizio. 

Flowers, It is full of —Awehahagi. 

Flowers, It has full-bloom.—Deiawehahagi. 

Forest.—Kah-hah. Add go-na for great. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL | // , 73 


Forest Spruce.—Onoehntonnie. 
Fruit.—Ohia or Ochia. 
Fruitful. K a-wah-che-a-wan-ne. 


Fungus on trees.—O-nah-sah. Applied also to a cock’s 
comb, which it resembles. 


Gentian.—Garoentoge. 


Ginseng.—Da-kien-too-keh, Forked plant. In Oneida, 
Ka-lan-dag-goo. It is curious that Zeisberger, who dug and 
sold this at Onondaga, left no name for it. 


Golden Rod.—O-yun-wah. 


Gooseberry.—Ska-hens-skah-he-goo-na, Large currant. 
The wild kind adds something to express the thorny fruit. 


Grain.—O-nah-cha. 


Grape, Wild.—O-heunt-kai-sa, Long vine, and well 
named. Add Goona for cultivated vine, and it becomes 
Large Grape. 


Grass at full height.—O-win-o-kah. 
Grass, short, as in turf.—O-je-go-chah. 
Grass Land.—As-ton-da-yakt-hah. 


Green Osier, (Cornus alternifolia) —Twa-ha-he-he, 
Broken flower or leaf. 


Ground Hemlock.—O-ne-te-o-ne, Hemlock that lies down. 
Grove.—O-hen-da-ha. 

Harvest.—Ha-yent-whah-kwas. 

Hazel Nut.—O-nya-stah in Seneca. 

Hazel, Witch.—Oo-a-nah-kwe-hache, Spotted stick. 
Hemlock Spruce.—O-ne-tah, Greens on the stick. 
Hemp.—O-se-kah, To make cloth of. 

Hepatica, or Shaiaties Beauty.—Che-che. 
Herb.—Hahwennokera. 


Hickory, Shell or shag bark.—A-nek or Anonoka. Morgan 


74 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


also gives O-nan-no-gi-is-ka, for Shag Bark Hickory, as 
place names for Cortland and the Tioughnioga river, 
O-nan-o-gese, Long Hickory for Apulia, perhaps meaning 
tall. Baptist Thomas, however, gave me O-nea-no-ka-res- 
geh, as Hickory Grove, somewhat resembling the last. 

Hickory, Bitter Nut.—Us-teck. Morgan has Us-te-ka, 
thus defined, as a place name for Marcellus and Nine Mile 
Creek. Zeisberger has Anonoka as a general name for the 
hickory nut. 


Hop.—Ah-weh-hah, Flower. In Oneida, Ojejea. 
Hound’s Tongue.—Teu-te-nah-ki-en-tun-so-noo-kwa-ya, or 


Sheep burr, the first six syllables meaning sheep. This is 
the Tory burr of my boyhood. 


Huckleberry, Black.—O-yah-chee, Blackberry. The same 
for the Blue. 


Huckleberry, Black——O-kwa-yes-yah, Bearberry. 


Tris, Wild.—Oo-wa-hoot-kwa, Like Cat-tail and Sweet 
Flag. 
- Tron Wood.—Skien-tah-gus-tah, Everlasting wood. 


Ivy, Poison.—Ko-hoon-tas, Stick that makes you sore. 
Usually rendered Poison. Bitter Sweet and Virginia 
Creeper the same. 


In the Woods.—Kah-hah-goon-wah, 
June Berry or Shad Bush.—Ka-ton. 


J uniper.—Onendionni, 


Jack in the Pulpit—kKah-ah-hoon-sah.—Indian Cradle, 
from resemblance to cradle board and child. 


Kernel of Corn, or Nut.—O-ny-a-ah. 

Lady’s Slipper or Cypripedium.—Kwe-ko-hyah-o-ta-kwa, 
Whippoorwill Shoe, which is also a Connecticut name. 

Leaf.—O-na-tah. 


Leatherwood, Dirca palustris.—Che-ka-se, Rotten wood. 
A Tuscarora name for this. Cusick said it was all a tough 
bark. 


Leeks, in low lands.—Oo-noh-so-yah, A queer Onion. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 75 


Lettuce.—Oo-na-tah-kah-te, Raw Leaf; i. e. eaten raw. 
Limb of Tree.—O-en-kah. 

Locust Tree.—O-neh-ta-gwen-ten or Sa-ya-des. 
Log.—Ka-ine-tah. The Log floats.—Ga-en-do. 
Maize.—Oo-ne-hah. 

Mandrake.—O-na-when-stah, Soft fruit. 


Maple, Soft.—Ah-weh-hot-kwah, Red flower, from Ah- 
weh-hah, Flower, and Hot-kwah, Red. 


Melon, Water.—Oo-nyo-sa-hah-te, Green Melon, or Melon 
eaten raw. 


Melon, Musk.—Wah-he-yah-yees, Thing that gets ripe. 


Milk Weed.—O-wah-kwen-stah, Milk that sticks to the 
fingers. 


Mulberry, Red.—So-yes, Long berry. 
Mulberry, Fruit of.—O-hi-a-ri. 


Mullein.—Ki-sit-hi, Flannel, and Oo-da-teach-ha, Stock- 
ings. 


Mushroom or Toadstool.—O-yah-ken-tah. 
Muskrat Root or Water Hemlock.—O-nah-san-a. 


Mustard, Yellow.—Ko-hen-tuk-wus, It takes away your 
field. 


Nettle.—O-yen-ha-tah, Hairs that will catch you if you 
are not careful. 


Nut.—Oo-sook-wah. 

Oak.—Ki-on-da-ga. 

Oak, White.—Ki-en-tah-ken-ah-tah, White-looking tree. 
Oak, Black.—Ga-ron-ta-sun-tah. 

Onion.—Oo-noh-sa. Garlic the same. 


Onion, Wild.—Oo-noh-sah-kah-hah-koon-wa-ha, Onion 
that grows in woods. 


Osier, Red.—Kwen-tah-ne-yu-hoon-to-te, Red Tree. 


76 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


Pansy.—Tent-kah-kah-ha, He looks at me. 
Parsnip.—O-ta-ra-ga-wi. 
Parched Corn.—One-ha-tah, Baker corn flour. 


Partridge Berry.—Noon-yeah-ki-oo-nah-yeah, The first 
four syllables stand for the bird. 


Peach.—Oo-goon-why-e, Hairy. 

Peach Stone.—Gone-twi-e-o-nen-stah, Hairy seed. 
Pear.—Koon-de-soo-kwis, Long life. 
Peas.—O-na-kwa. 

Pepper.—Ta-yu-side, Sour stuff. 


Peppermint.—Kah-nah-noos-tah, Colder, or that which 
makes cold, from first sensation, 


Pine.—O-neh-ta, Like porcupine holding to a stick. 
Plant.—Wah-ni-o-ta or A-hen-ni-o-tin. 


Plantain.—Tu-hah-ho-e, It covers the road, in allusion to 
the white man’s foot. 


Plantain, Heart-leaved.—Juk-ta-ha-gah-te, Half-root. A 
Seneca name for a Tuscarora medicinal plant. | 


Poke Weed.—Oo-ju-gwah-sah, Color weed, their principal 
vegetable dye. 


Poplar.—Sque-jo-na, Large flower, Zeisberger’s Onon- 
daga name for this tree. The name and definition clearly 
show he had the Tulip tree in mind. 


Pop Corn.—One-ton-son or Wah-te-sunk. 

Pleurisy Root or Butterfly Weed.—Ah-wa-hi-da-gah. 
Plum, Wild.—Ka-ha-tak-ne, Dusty fruit. 

Plum, Wild Red.—Tis-cho. 


Plum Tree.—Thi-chi-onk. 

Pumpkin.—Oo-new-sah-oon-we, Real Melon or Pumpkin; 
i. e. Original. 

Raspberry, Red.—Oo-nah-joo-kwa, Cap. The definition 
suggests R. odoratus. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 77 
Raspberry, Black.—Teu-tone-hok-toon, That which bends 
over. 


Red Maple.—Oot-kwen-tah-he-an-yo, New growth is red; 
a name for a small variety. 


Rose, Wild.—Ah-we-ha-tah-ke, Red flower. Also Ko-tot- 
hot-ah, It stops diarrhoea, from medicinal virtues. 


Samphire.—O-hyah-gwe-yah, Fingers. Commonly with 
kit-kit, thus meaning chicken’s fingers. 


Sapling.—O-den-don-ni-a. 


Sarsaparilla.—Ju-ke-ta-his, Long root. Some other 
plants the same. 


Sassafras.—Wah-eh-nah-kas, Smelling stick. 
Shrubs.—O-de-ko-hah and O-hoon-tah. 


Spice Bush.—Da-wah-tah-ahn-yuks, Stick that breaks 
itself or is brittle. 


Sprout.—Wah-ten-hine-ya. 


Squash or Pumpkin.—Oo-new-sah. Distinctions, as 
with us. 


Strawberry.—Noon-tak-tek-hah-kwa, Growing where the 
ground is burned, or Knoll burned. 


Succotash, Boiled.—O-ne-ho-kwa. 

Suecotash, Dry.—O-no-na-tah. 
Sumac.—Ote-ko-tuh, or Ot-go-ta, Witch stick. 
Sunflower.—O-ah-wen-sa, or O-a-wen-sa. 


Sycamore.—Oo-da-te-cha-wun-nes, Big stockings. Also 
Ka-nen-skwa. 


Stone Root, or Collinsonia.—Hunt-gas-kwah. 


Teasel, Wild.—Gan-at-tah, Comb; also, cultivated, A-yen- 
sa-nyt-ha, It cleans cloth. 


Thistle.—Ooch-ha-ne-tah, Something that pricks. 


Thistle, Bull—Ooch-ha-neh-too-wah-neks, Many big 
thistles. 


Thistles, Canada—Ooch-ha-ne-tas-as, Small thistles. 


78 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


Thorn Bush.—Je-kah-ha-tis, Long Eyelash, from the long 
thorns. 
Timothy Grass.—O-teh-a-hah, Tail at the end. 


Tobacco.—O-yen-kwa. Add Hon-we for Real Tobacco. 
Nicotiana rustica, the native species, still cultivated and 
used in ceremonies. 


Tree.—Kai-ehn-ta, Schoolcraft has it Kai-un-ta, but early 
writers retain the R, making it Ga-ron-ta, as the Senecas 
still do. 

Tulip Tree or Whitewood.—Ko-yen-ta-ka-ah-ta, White- 
wood. 

Tree, Barren.—He-yah-ten Wah-tah-yone-yah-hah. A 
flowering tree producing no seed, 

Tree Trunks, Long.—Ga-en-he-djis. 

Tree, He has a standing.—Ho-da-he. 

Trillium, White.—O-je-gen-stah, Wrinkles on the Fore- 
head. 

Trillium, Purple—Kwen-tah Ne-yah-wen-ho-ten O-je-gen- 
stah, Red Wrinkles in the Forehead. The red and white 
Trilliums are said to be husband and wife, and the same 
idea is held of other related plants. 

Turf.—O-cha-ko-cha-ka, Green place. 

Turnip.—O-je-kwa, Round or Hammer root. 

Twig.—Ote-ko-hah. 

Violets.—Ta-kyah-noon-wi-tahs, Two heads entangled, 
from a childish game. 

Water Hemlock.—O-nah-san-a, Cicuta maculata. <A poi- 
sonous root. 

Weed.—A-wen-no-ka. 

What we live on.—Tune-ha-kwe. Applied to corn, beans 


and pumpkins collectively. Personified they are Support- 
ers of Life. 


Wheat.—O-nah-cha. 


White Cedar.—Oo-soo-ha-tah, Feather Leaf, which is 
pretty and appropriate. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 79 


Willow, Dwarf.—O-chik-kwah-ne-yo-ton-kwah-hah. 
Willow, Late Gray.—Oe-seh-tah, or O-set-ta. 


Willow, Yellow.—Cheek-kwa-ne-u-hoon-too-te, Yellow 
Tree. 


Wintergreen. — Kah-nah-koon-sah-gas, Birch-smelling 
plant. 


Wood.—O-e-un-tah or O-i-en-da, Wood for fuel. 


Woods, In the.—Kah-hah-goon-wah, the last two syllables: 
implying greatness, 


ONONDAGA AND OSWEGO PLANTS FOUND BY 
PURSH IN 1807. NAMES AS USED NOW 


Abies Canadensis—Actza spicata, var alba--Acer saccha- 
rinum, rubrum—Amaranthus albus—Andropogon . . Alis- 
ma Plantago aquatica—Anthemis Cotula—Apocynum can- 
nabium, androszemifolium—Arabis faleata—Apios tuberosa 
—Ariszseema tripyllus—Aselepias tuberosa, Syriaca, incar- 
nata, umbellis —Asimina triloba—Asplemium angustifo- 
lium. 

Batrachium tricophyllum—Blitum capitatum—Bochme- 
ria cylindrica—Botrypus Virginicus—Buphthalmum (Bar- 
richia) helianthoides. 





Campanula aparinoides—Camptosorus rhizophyllus— 
Carduns  lanceolatus—Carpinus Americanus—Castanea 
vulgaris—Caulophyllus thalictroides—Ceanothus Ameri- 
canus—Cephalanthus occidentalis—Cerasus Virginiana— 
Chenopodium anthelminticum—Chrysoplinium America- 
num—Cicuta maculata—Cimicifuga racemosa—Circea al- 
pina—Clematis Virginiana—Convolvulus arvensis—Cornus 
alternifolia, candidissima, stolonifera, paniculata, sca- 
brosa?, striata, albida?, florida—Crategus Crus-galli— 
Cynoglossum officinale, Virginicum. 


Dalibarda repens.—Decodium verticillatum—Desmodium 
nudifloram, acuminatum—Dipsacus sylvestris—Dirca pal- 
ustris. 

Echinospermum Lappula—Elymus Canadensis—Epilo- 


bium angustifolium—parviflorum ?—Equisetum sylvaticum 
—Eupatorium perfoliatum. 


80 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


Galium verum, cirzeezans, lanceolatum, trifidum—Gaylus- 
sacia frondosa—Geranium Robertianum, Carolinianum— 
Gerardia flava, purpurea—Geum triflorum—Gnaphalium 
uliginosum—Gymnocladus Canadensis. 


Hamamelis Virginiana—Helianthus squarrosus—Hibis- 
cus moscheutos—Hieracium Canadense—Hydrocotyle um- 
bellata—Hydrastis Canadensis—Hydrophyllum Canadense 
—Hyoscyamus niger—Hypericum perforatum—Habenaria 
orbiculata—Hydrotyle Americana. 


Juncus palustris — Jungermannia? — Justicia (Rhyti- 
glossa) pedunculosa. 


Lathyrus, various—Lilium superbum—Lithospermum 
latifolium, arvense, canesceus—Lemna trisulea, polyrhiza— 
Lobelia cardinalis, spicata—Lonicera glauca, Tartaricum— 
Lycopodium complanatum, Lucidulum—Lysimachia striata, 
ciliata. 


Meibomia grandiflora, nudiflora—Mimulus alatus—Mol- 
lugo verticillata—Monarda didyma, fistulosa. 


Nympea odorata. 


Oncosmodium Carolinianum—Osmunda regalis—Ostrya 
Virginiana—Oxyegraphus Cymbalaria. 


Phryma leptostachya—Phsegopteris, Dryopteris, polpdo- 
dioides—Plantago major—Polygonum aviculare, Persicaria, 
amphibium—Polymnia Canadense—Populus heterophylla, 
tremuloides, candicans—Pontederia cordata—Potamogeton 
natans, pauciflorus, crispus, pectinatus—Potentilla Norve- 
gica, anserina—Prunus, several kinds—Ptelea trifoliata— 
Pyrola elliptica, rotundifolia, secunda—Peramium repens. 


Quercus. 


Ranunculus geoides?, aquatilis, cymbalaria—Rosa Caro- 
lina—Rubus odoratus—Rudbeckia laciniata—Rumex verti- 
cillatus, acestosella. 


Sagittaria latifolia, graminea, variabile—Salicornia herb- 
acea—Samolus Valerandi—Satyrium repens—Peramium 
repens — Sanicula Marilandica — Scirpus palustris — 
Scolopendrium vulgare—Scutellaria galericulata—Scrophu- 
laria Marilandica — Seriocarpus asteroides — Shepherdia 
Canadensis—Silene Caroliniana, Pennsylvanicum—Silph- 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 81° 


ium laciniatum—Sisymbrium amphibium?—Sisyrinchium 
Bermudiana—Sium cicutzfolium—Solidago odora—Son- 
chus asper — Stachy spalustris — Sparganum ramosum — 
Steironema ciliatus. 


Taxus Canadensis—Teucrium Canadense—Thalictrum 
dioicum—Thuja occidentalis—Trintalis Americana—tTrig- 
lochin maritima—Triosteum angustifolium, perfoliatum— 
Trochynotia. 


Uttricularia minor—Urtica gracilis. 


Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum—Verbascus Thapsus, Blat- 
taria—Verbena urticifolia, hastata—Verbesina alternifolia 
—Veronica serpyllifolia, scutellata—Virburnum Opulus— 
Vicia Cracca—Viola rotundifolia. 


_Xanthium spinosum—Xanthoxylum Americanum. 
Zizania aquatica. 


Mr. Pursh mentioned many other plants and trees, but the 
above are all I could verify as synonymous among all ac- 
cessible writers of a hundred years later. 


THE ONONDAGA FLORA 


In 1912 Mrs. L. Leonora Goodrich published the “Flora of 
Onondaga County,” the plants having been largely collected 
by members of the Botanical Club—all ladies—but in some 
measure by men who were interested in botany, and were 
better able to obtain some plants because of living near the 
‘spots where they were to be found. Thus Dr. Munson and 
Mr. Samuel Cowles of Otisco, gave valuable assistance to 
the great work. I added my mite when I had leisure, being 
the first to discover several rare plants in this county. 
‘Others might collect, but she reserved one task for herself 
‘for which she was well fitted. The plants were ‘‘compiled, 
‘classified and catalogued by” her; a great achievement in 
itself. She did not say how long she presided in the meect- 
‘ings, but Mrs. Rust was president when I made my first 
trip with the club, May 30, 1881. I was guide that day, and 
beside the special tree to be shown we had other notable 
finds. 


82 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


The Botanical Club met at my house in Baldwinsville, 
May 5, 1900, to celebrate its twenty-first anniversary, which 
would show its formation in 1879, and Mrs. Goodrich as: 
president for about forty years at the time of her death.. 
There will be added to what I have said, and following this 
paper, a memorial read before and adopted by the Board of 
Directors of the Onondaga Historical Association, of which 
she became a member in 1894, and a few years later a. 
director. 


In writing about the flora of this county I shall follow the 
later and reasonable plan, of beginning with the lower 
forms and ending with the highest found here, but while 
going through these systematically, there will be wide omis- 
sions. In fact the ferns and their allies will have more: 
attention than the later forms of plant life which imme-: 
diately follow them. The curious and often beautiful fungi 
may secure a few words, but there will be fewer for the 
grasses, sedges and rushes which come later. Indeed in my 
selection I shall do just as I please, and enjoy my task in this 
simple way. 


The Adder’s Tongue heads the list, a somewhat ovate leaf 
representing the head, and a very long and slender upright: 
spike, with clustered sporangia about the tip, not inaptly 
standing for the adder’s tongue. ‘Overlooked rather than. 
rare” applies well to this. One day I found a few in a wet,. 
sedgy piece of ground. Some Syracuse ladies wished to: 
collect these themselves, and I prepared for the occasion by 
staking all I could find. They were pitifully few. The: 
ladies were late and might be further delayed, so my daugh-. 
ter and I started, leaving word where we would be found. 
We had just commenced work, not far from the rural road, 
when our guests drove up and we went to the field, not far 
away. They returned home jubilant. The next afternoon 
we resumed the adjourned search, with small hopes, and lo! 
we had three times as many specimens as the day before.. 
That was not all. For a long time we kept finding them in 
unexpected places. I first collected this in 1878. 


The Grape Ferns are the next allies of the true ferns, and 
of these the Moonwort is rare, though I have found it near 
White Lake. The Ternate Grape Fern is my favorite in 
this genus, even more than its varieties. It is often quite: 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 83 


large and has an erect, sturdy bearing that is quite refresh- 
ing. It is found throughout the county, on level ground 
and steep hillsides. 


The Matricary Grape Fern, a fine species, I found in June, 
1884, near Baldwinsville and in woods at Belle Isle, where it 
was abundant, as it probably is in other places in northern 
parts of the county. 


The Lance Leaved Grape Fern I found at Tully village, 
June 19, 1881, but not at Baldwinsville. I doubt its occur- 
rence here north of Syracuse. Another very small fern of 
this genus comes from a bog in Lysander, where I have 
found many very rare plants. I called it Botrychium sim- 
plex, for want of another name. I found abundant speci- 
mens there June 16, 1884, growing in the water. When I 
took Prof. L. M. Underwood to see it we found a large bed in 
sphagnum, but of rather larger size. He thought it a new 
species, after careful study, and was about to publish it 
when Prof. A. A. Eaton anticipated this by two weeks, nam- 
ing it B. tenebrosum. It is now commonly considered a 
mere variety, with some special features, yet two eminent 
authorities made it a species. 


The large Rattlesnake Fern is the best known of these 
ferns, being conspicuous and widely distributed. 


We have but three species and a variety of the Osmundas; 
all handsome and two suitable for cultivation. The Royal 
Osmunda is large and with many branches, but requires a 
very wet soil. The well known Cinnamon Fern is one of the 
finest of this genus, interesting in every stage, and con- 
spicuous by its tall bright colored spikes. In the variety 
these have more or less sterile pinne scattered along the 
spike. The Interrupted Fern is a better name for the re- 
maining species than another sometimes used, having its 
fine sterile fronds interrupted by smaller, central and fer- 
tile pinne, 


The common Sensitive Fern I mention only for its name, 
it being sensitive to frost, but the Ostrich Fern rivals the 
Cinnamon as a fine ornamental plant. Its name comes from 
the dark fertile fronds, clustered at the base and suggestive 
of ostrich plumes. 


I had the great pleasure of discovering Woodsia Ilvensis, 


84 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


July 15, 1885, on the high cliffs on the east side of Labrador 
Pond, well within the county line. Such a climb! but then, 
such a sight! The beautiful small tufted ferns fringed the 
grey rocks for quite a distance. I was well repaid and 
others followed my example, for it is everywhere a rare 
fern. 


Iam compelled to pass over our more common ferns, three 
only of which are evergreen. There are forty-eight species 
listed in this county. The Christmas Fern is well known 
and quite variable. One of the Chain Ferns grows at 
Beaver lake, and in small bogs not far away. The Walking 
Fern occurs in many places south of the old canal. It walks 
by forming roots at the long slender tip. The Ebony Spleen- 
wort occurs at Rockwell Springs and in Spafford, near 
Skaneateles Lake. The very rare Wall Rue Spleenwort I 
found on cliffs east of the railroad tracks and the James- 
ville road, August 6, 1884. Station now destroyed by 
quarrying. In 1911 Mrs. Goodrich said, “Very rare. In 
one locality to date.”’ 


The Slender Cliff Brake I found on rocks on both sides of 
Skaneateles Lake, July 20, 1882, and July 27, 1885. I have 
failed to find it in the last three years, but have a new 
station on the east side this year. It occurs also at Green 
and White lakes. The Purple Stemmed Cliff Brake 
occurs at the same places and at Onondaga Valley, where I 
found it July 6, 1881. At Green Lake I also found it, August 
3, 1881. The Common Polypody is quite rare in the north- 
ern part of this county, but occurs in several places on Skan- 
eateles Lake and in Spafford. I found it also at Rockwell 
Springs, October 8, 1880, but it may not occur there now. 


In the next family but one Mrs. Goodrich catalogues Sal- 
vinia natans, (Marsilea of Pursh) which she had never seen 
at that time. Underwood said of this: “Reported by 
Pursh in 1814, from central New York, but his exact station 
is unknown.” I found it in a pond in Thornden, Syracuse, 
July 4, 1918, and again September 6, 1915, and Mrs. Good- 
rich had at last the pleasure of seeing this curious and rare 
plant. It has been introduced from Europe in several 
places, but this is the only station known here. 


The beautiful Club Mosses, including Ground Pine and 
Trailing Christmas Greens, are classed mostly as rare by 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 85 


Mrs. G., with two not common. I found some of these fine 
and abundant on the west shore of Skaneateles Lake, and 
very plentiful in Spafford on the east shore. Near Bald- 
winsville nearly every species is represented somewhat 
sparingly. 

Tne White Pine worthily represents its genus in the 
northern towns of the county, where it grew in large num- 
bers and of a great size. “The Tall Pine of Lysander,” 
James L. Voorhees, Sr., cleared away large groves of this 
and others did the same on a smaller scale, burning trunks 
and branches in vast heaps, whose embers still blacken the 
soil. The choicer trunks went to the sawmill, and many a 
root helped form a lasting fence. We had good shingles, too, 
while the pine trees lasted. Mr. George Geddes told of the 
size of some of these great trees. One in Camillus was 230 
feet high, and other furnished 154 feet of saw-logs. 

In an early earthwork in Elbridge, the ground was 
strewn with limbs of the Pitch Pine, and one remained in 
the town for some years after the first settlement. It has 
not been reported elsewhere in the county. 

The Tamarack, or American Larch, is our only conifer 
which is not an evergreen. Both the White and Black 
Spruce occur at Beaver Lake, Lysander. A wise botanist 
does not carelessly pass the latter by. The Hemlock is an- 
other familiar evergreen, once abundant and of large size. 
It follows water courses quite frequently. The Balsam Fir 
is another fine and rather slender tree with a smooth bark. 
The Flora of Onondaga County credits this to North Cicero 
Swamp, June, 1902. Mrs. Goodrich told me that it was 
seen there by Mrs. Rust, first president of the Botanical 
Club, and did not claim to have seen it herself. I have some 
doubts whether anyone else has. I am quite familiar with 
all parts of Cicero, am a keen observer and have known the 
_ tree since early childhood. Recently I inquired of an intelli- 
gent citizen of that town, as to the probability of its occur- 
rence there. He had never seen it there, nor even heard of 
it. In Skaneateles village, long ago, there were two of these 
trees which I was told came from Fabius. In 1911 I was in 
the latter village, and across a field on the north side of the 
road, leading west, I saw some tall trees in a piece of wood- 
land which suggested Balsam Firs. It took me but a few 
minutes to verify this. I certify that it grows in Fabius. 


86 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


Large White Cedar swamps are quite frequent here, but 
the larger trees have vanished. The branches are much 
used for Christmas decoration, and its common name of 
Arbor Vitz suits well with this use. 


Both the Juniper and Red Cedar are well distributed, and 
the latter is quite abundant in Spafford, near Skaneateles 
Lake. There is a rare species of this, which in found in the 
Pine Woods near Baldwinsville, which les nearly flat on the 
ground. Of asimilar habit is the American Yew or Ground 
Hemlock, which produces a roseate cup-shape drupe, in 
which stands erect the purplish stone. 


In the pondweed family twenty-nine species are in the 
Onondaga Flora, and in the Grass family 112 species. The 
Sedge family goes still higher with 169 species, and the 
Mosses are 171. Mrs. Goodrich also gave a list of over 200 
species and varieties of Fungi, but added that these “form 
only a portion of those found here.” Her list includes safety 
notes, for some are poisonous, notes on what parts are to be 
eaten, on flavor and how to cook them, not the least import- 
ant considerations. In her zeal for knowledge she often 
cautiously tested some doubtful kinds, being sometimes 
slightly inconvenienced thereby. One cannot thread our 
woods or fields, with an observant eye, without wishing to 
know more of the strange—often beautiful—plants, which 
were unseen in the evening, but appear in full glory in the 
morning. Some have a more gradual development, with 

varied uses. 


In the Arum family Jack in the Pulpit is conspicuous and 
often large. He stands in his circular box-like pulpit, with 
the sounding-board curving over his head, but, like the In- 
dian Cradle, the significance is not so familiar as in earlier 
days. The Wild Calla, a dwarf representative of the stately 
Calla Lily, I have found at Baldwinsville and in Cicero 
Swamp. It is hardly rare in our northern towns, where the 
fragrant Skunk Cabbage abounds in swamps. The Golden 
Club is rare, and is credited to Mr. Cowles of Otisco, who 
writes me he has not found it. The root of the Sweet Flag 
is prized by many. Though it is most frequent in swamps 
I have found it in marshy banks of the Seneca River. 


Passing over other plants, I saw the rare Blazing Star for 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 87 


the first time in 1921, on the Onondaga Reservation. A 
handsome flower, but hardly a blazing one. 


The Red or Wild Orange Lily is placed by Mrs. G. on dry 
or sandy ridges and described as frequent. I have never 
seen it north of Syracuse or outside of woodlands, and thus 
prefer the name of Wood Lily, used by some. It has a sin- 
gle terminal flower, pointing upward, and was described by 
Pursh, though not here. I have had spnecimens with from 
two to five blossoms. On the other hand the next two 
species have several nodding flowers, with recurved petals. 
The first of these, which Mrs. Goodrich calls the Gold Yel- 
low Lily, usually has some orange or red, while the Turk’s 
Cap has still more orange or red, and, from its situation, I 
prefer the name of Meadow Lily. It is very handsome and 
improves under cultivation. Both of these interested 
Pursh. The Day Lily, escaped from cultivation, sometimes 
occurs in large masses on wet roadsides. 


The Yellow Adder’s Tongue is common in many woods in 
early spring, but often lacks flowers from its crowded con- 
dition. The white species has been found here but once. 
Several escaped plants I pass over. 


The Yellow Clintonia is abundant in the north part of the 
county, but its handsome flowers are somewhat rare. I 
found some, however, June 1, 1923. 


The Large-flowered Wake Robin, now more commonly 
known as the White Trillium, vary much in size. The flow- 
ers soon acquire a pinkish hue, which leads some to think 
they have found a new species. It also is sometimes four- 
parted throughout, and rarely is quite double. One such 
was brought me from a spot near Baldwinsville, May 21, 
1885, and for several successive years. It had six sepals 
and nineteen petals when I first described it. 


I do not understand her varieties of this species, of which 
she had twenty-three kinds, mostly from one spot. My 
varieties were of the purple species, and she had occasion- 
ally pale yellow flowers of this. The beautiful Painted 
Trillium, which she called uncommon, is quite frequent in 
Lysander and Van Buren. T cernuum is not mentioned by 
her and is rare here, but I found a specimen at Baldwins- 
ville, May 19, 1885, and, as I remember, one or two others 
soon after. 


88 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


The Carrion Flower I found on a fence near the Seneca 
River. Not liking the odor I carried none home. The 
Blue-eyed Grass is common and pretty. 


The Moccasin Flower or Stemless Ladies’ Slipper, is 
found in almost every part of the country, on highlands and 
lowlands, in wet places and dry. The beautiful white 
variety grows only in sphagnum, and is or was found at 
Beaver Lake in Lysander in great abundance. I first found 
it there June 8, 1883, and many times afterwards. As I 
sent specimens to the Botanical Club at that time, and as 
Mrs. G. was with me there at a later day when we collected 
this, I do not understand why she omitted this important 
station. Her full note on the species is this: “Infrequent. 
Woods and swamps. Variable. Cicero Swamp, June, 1880. 
A white variety was found in same locality by L. L. Good- 
rich, June, 1895. Only one plant.” As I had botanical 
tastes in my boyhood, eighty years ago, in explaining a 
swamp near Skaneateles village I found one specimen of this 
species in its rich purple hue, and, far to the south, I have 
recently found it on both sides of the lake. The yellow 
moccasin flowers are widely distributed, as is the beautiful 
Showy Orchis. As I write this some of both are before me. 


The Large Round-leaved Orchis is Pursh’s O, bifolia. I 
once found it in bloom, in my sailing days, on the west shore 
of Skaneateles Lake growing in a grassy spot near the shore. 
and quite conspicuous. Though I have often searched for 
it since I could not find it till last summer, when I met with 
it farther south on the east shore, beside a large group of 
C. acaule, 500 feet above the lake. It had no flowers but I 
hope for better luck this year. Hooker’s Orchis I found in 
the Pine Woods, Lysander, May 30, 1881, and afterward at 
other places far apart. I have just collected it again at 
Round Lake, near Fayetteville. The beautiful and rare 
Yellow Fringed Orchis I found at Beaver Lake, July 4, 1887, 
and, at the same place, August 14, 1884, and later, a large 
patch of the White Fringed Orchis, a stately and beautiful 
plant. At the same place the rarer Ragged Orchis. This I 
also found in Cicero Swamp, May 12, 1896. It is more 
curious than beautiful. The Purple Fringed Orchis, which 
I admired in my boyhood, is found throughout the county. 


The Rose Pogonia, which Mrs. Goodrich says was found 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 89 


sparingly at Beaver Lake, near Baldwinsville, I found in 
abundance there June 27, 1884. The same year I found 
there the Nodding Pogonia, rarer and inconspicuous. A 
better place for it is on the west side of Onondaga Valley. 
The Whorled Pogonia, a curious and somewhat rare plant, I 
found at Beaver Lake, May 31, 1884, and often afterward, 
it being more abundant there than eleswhere. It should be 
understood that in speaking of Beaver Lake I usually mean 
the large sphagnous shaking bog, once a part of the lake. 
The pretty Arethusa was found there June 12, 1897, the 
only one I know of from that prolific spot. 


The finding of the Helbeborine here in August, 1879, gave 
our Botanical Club a wide reputation. I, myself, have seen 
it growing on both sides of Skaneateles Lake. 


I pass over a number of orchids, mostly rare but not all, 
to speak of but two more. The Southern Twayblade( Lis-- 
tera australis) Mrs. G. says is occasional and is found in 
bogs and ditches. Also that one was found with three 
leaves by a member of the S. B. C. in 1895. No other place 
was mentioned. I found it at Beaver Lake, June 4, 1884, 
this being the first ever found in this county. I, at once, 
sent specimens to the State Botanist, who informed me that 
an Oswego botanist, in a home excursion, was a year ahead 
of me. After that I guided many botanists to the small sta- 
tion where it grew, among the rest Mrs. Goodrich, where 
they had the pleasure of collecting for themselves this very 
rare orchid. This small orchid is not beautiful, and looks 
much like a slender twig with mosquitoes clinging to it. 
the lovely Calopogon or Grass Pink I found abundant at 
Beaver Lake, as it had been elsewhere. 


Many of our common trees I pass over. The Cork Bark 
Elm, which Mrs. G. thought might have been introduced, 
attains quite a height, and is too widespread to allow of this 
supposition. I remember in my boyhood, fair sized trees 
growing wild, which must have antedated pioneer life here 
by many years. The Slippery Elm, the schoolboy’s delight, 
and once used by the New York Iroquois for some of their 
bark canoes, is less abundant than it once was. The Hack- 
berry may once have been well known, but this is not its 
reputation now. Mrs. G. mentions two—there may be 
more, but this is uncertain. At least they are rare enough 


20 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


to justify the frequent name of Unknown Tree. One of 
these is cn Crooked Brook, south line of Baldwinsville, and 
my record of it, made at the time, says that it blossomed 
April 25, 1896, was 60 feet high, and measured 9 feet 9 
inches around. The nearest of its kind is twenty miles 
away. 


The Strawberry Blite I found near Labrador Pond in 
1885. Pursh reported it in 1807, and Mrs. Goodrich had 
the unusual experience of finding fine specimens in her 
home garden. 


In Syracuse perhaps many know little of its most charac- 
teristic plant—the Slender Glasswort, better known to ear- 
lier people as Samphire. It was the natural accompaniment 
of the salt industry here and seems likely to disappear with 
it. In autumn its bright red myriads of plants arrested 
every eye, but its usefulness same earlier for pickles, which 
I never tasted, though the plant was sold on the streets. 


The Pokeweed, Mrs. Goodrich said, is “very handsome 
under cultivation,” nor will one pass it by unnoticed in its 
wilder state. It was a favorite dye with the Indians, and I 
have known it used by white people. 


The Deptford and Maiden Pinks were my finds: the first 
near Baldwinsville, June 15, 1885, brightly smiling through 
the roadside grass. The other I found in the Baldwinsville 
Cemetery, June 19, 1897. I am inclined to think Mrs. Good- 
rich’s words refer to this and should have the same date. I 
mentioned my finds and said I took them that day to the 
Academy of Science, of which she was a faithful member. 
Her words imply that the flowers were brought to her. She 
said: “Only ones I have seen were from Baldwinsville, 
June, 1898.” I alone knew where to look for these plants 
and at that date was far away. 


I was guide for part of the Botanical Club to see the 
Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata) in blossom by the 
roadside, May 30, 1881. It was rather late, but they had 
never seen it before. Others were in the adjoining woods 
and some have been planted later, in the south side streets 
of Baldwinsville. In my younger days there was a fine 
grove of these trees on the Mile Point, Skaneateles Lake, but 
all have long since disappeared. The Tulip Tree has some- 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 91 


times been called by this name, and the Botanical Club 
wanted to be sure that I knew the wild Magnolia. 


The Wild Columbine is one of the most beautiful of our 
wild flowers. May 31, 1893, I went on an excursion up the 
Seneca River with our botanical class, and going across an 
open but bushy field, on our way to Beaver Lake bog, we 
gathered pure yellow Columbines in quantities. I sent 
some to Cornell University, and was asked to send plants the 
following year for experimental use. Not a yellow one 
could I find, though I carefully explored the field for many 
years. 


In several places the White Water Crowfoot occupies 
large areas in Seneca River, while the yellow species, though 
less abundant, lights up this river in many places. The 
Seaside Crowfoot; in spite of its name, finds an appropriate 
home about Onondaga Lake, often called the Salt Lake in 
early days. I neglected to speak of the abundant Water 
Lilies in Seneca River and Beaver Lake. The Yellow Water 
Lily prefers small ponds or any stagnant water. 


The Mandrake or May Apple charmed me with its creamy 
white flowers in my youthful days. It was an abundant 
plant in the fields about my village home, and my boyish 
fancy was that it was a vegetable umbrella, raised by fairy 
hands. Some people like the ripe fruit even now, and two 
weary Moravian missionaries, in 1750, climbing a steep 
mountain path on their way to Onondaga, found welcome 
refreshment in this. 


The Sassafras Tree may yet be found as a shrub through- 
out the county, but not as a tree. A grove of large trees, 
sixty feet high, was cut down in Van Buren, as late as 1880, 
and a small tree stands before a stately home in Baldwins- 
ville. To this family belongs the Spice Bush, growing in 
bogs, and once the delight of schoolboys. The Bloodroot is 
one of our beautiful spring flowers, and well worth a place 
in our gardens, where it is sometimes found. It grows in 
the open quite as often as in woods. 


I pass over the many cruciferous plants, hurtful or help- 
ful, and come to the Pitcher Plant, an insectivorous plant, 
frequent in the sphagnum swamps of the north part of the 
county, and perhaps elsewhere. A little water may rain in, 


92 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


but it seems mostly a secretion. In the Botanic Gardens at. 
Washington, I found the hollow, unopened leaves of some 
species contained water. Insects entrapped are drowned, 
being prevented from escaping by stiff reflexed hairs inside. 
The purple flower is large and conspicuous, but the Onon- 
daga Indians have lost all knowledge of the plant. 


The three Sundews of this county are also all found at 
Beaver Lake, where I first found the round species June 18, 
1882. These are also insectivorous, the glandular hairs on 
the basal leaves secreting a juice which entraps the insect, 
but dces not drown it. It has its common name from the 
sparkling red and dew-like globules encircling the leaf. 


Our three Saxifrages are common, but each has its special 
range, 


The Mitreworts are also common May flowers, and it was. 
of these that Longfellow wrote “at Pentecost, when bishop’s 
caps have golden rings,” with his other delightful spring 
thoughts and words. 


To Mrs. Goodrich’s stations for the Grass of Parnassus I 
add one on the Jamesville road, in a swamp between the 
quarries, where I found it August 6, 1884. It hardly sug- 
gests a grass of any kind, with its large white flowers and 
cordate leaves. 


The common Witch Hazel needs no description, its pecu- 
liarity being an extremely late flowering, suggesting some- 
thing uneanny. Dalibarda repens I have often found at 
Beaver Lake, and Pursh observed it here in 1807. The 
Flora of Onondaga County assigns it to openings and road- 
sides, one station for 1895 being on the Jamesville road. 


The Mountain Ash is quite frequent in Spafford. Mrs. 
Goodrich credits it to the Indian Reservation in 1909, and I 
have found it in Lysander. It is not a large tree, but its 
fine foliage and flowers, and its broad clusters of bright red 
_berries, make it both a handsome and conspicuous tree. In 
Spafford it is quite a favorite. 


The Sweet-scented Crab Apple Tree is classed by Mrs. G. 
as infrequent, very fragrant and beautiful—a good descrip- 
tion. I have gathered the flowers on the Indian Reserva--. 
tion, where there is quite a group of these trees. On some 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 93 


Seneca reservations I have seen it growing by houses, either 
for ornament or use. The Shad Bush is conspicuous in its 
May bloom. I pass over other fruits. 


Among the Legumes Mrs. Goodrich classes the Wild 
American Senna as rare here but found it at Marcellus Falls 
in June, 1895. It is quite abundant by the creek near South 

Onondaga. The Clovers of all kinds are found everywhere. 


The Common Locust. was a favorite shade tree in my boy- 
hood, but has lost both interest and usefulness. Besides, if 
you want to be rid of it, it declines to be easily exterminated, 
and a hard fight is before you. 


Pursh saw the Kentucky Coffee Tree near Onondaga Lake 
in 1807, and Dr. Munson told me of a very large and beauti- 
ful one in Otisco, about twenty years ago. Mrs. G. found 
the large and handsome Wild Lupine ‘‘abundant in one dry, 
sandy district at Centerville,” (North Syracuse) June, 1896. 
I also found it abundant near the Euclid cemetery, in a 

sandy field, mingled with our Wild Columbine, May 16, 
~ 1896. With both in full bloom the effect was very fine. 


The Ground Nut was mentioned by Pursh in 1807. Mrs. 
G. mentioned it at Liverpool, August, 1890. It is a climb- 
ing plant with edible tubers. I found it at the old Float 
Bridge, below Baldwinsville, on the Seneca River. In floral 
catalogues it is now classed as a highly desirable vine. 


The Herb Robert is a beautiful little plant, never obtru- 
sive, but always lovely. The Flora of Onondaga County 
has this note: “A white variety has been found at Ind. 
Reservation by a member of Syracuse Botanical Club.” I 
was the member and my date was August 21, 1884. Alas 
for the variety. I have not found it since. 


The Prickly Ash is abundant in one spot on the Indian 
Reservation, and also occurs in Baldwinsville. Pursh men- 
tioned it when here. Mrs. G. found it in DeWitt. 


The Purple Milkwort was found by her in Midland Ave- 
nue and Kirk Park, Syracuse. I found it in abundance one 
and one-half miles north of Baldwinsville over thirty years 
ago. The Snake Root is found in both swamps and rocky 
soil. Mrs. G. dates her specimens in 1910, from Kinney’s 
woods, but probably had collected it long before. In the 


94 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


same way I give a date of May 17, 1897, Indian Reservation, 
for the Seneca Snake Root, though I had known it for years. 
The beautiful Fringed Milkwort was still plentiful on the 
edge of Tamarack Swamp when I came to Syracuse in 1900, 
and held its own at Beaver Lake, where I found it in abund- 
ance when I first identified it, May 17, 1897. 


The Three-seeded Mercury is not a common plant and is 
rather curious than attractive, being one of those where the 
large bracts are more conspicuous than the small included 
_ flowers. My specimens were from Baldwinsville, October 
12, 1896. 


The Poison Sumac or Poison Elder differs much in flow- 
ers and fruit from the other Sumacs, and is very poisonous. 
The Poison Ivy belongs to the same genus, and is often 
called the Three-leaved Ivy, being a somewhat conspicuous 
climber. It is very poisonous to some—not at all to others. 
I avoid it but have not suffered from it. I have seen horses 
eat it from fence posts where farmers had allowed it to 
grow by the roadside. On a point on Skaneateles Lake re- 
cently I saw mothers sitting unconcernedly in the midst of a 
large patch of it, while their children had a good time 
among the pretty leaves. No one was harmed but it looks 
like a risk. Don’t try it. 


The American Bladdernut I greatly enjoyed, as a boy, 
when in fruit, and older people often find it a great curiosity 
when they see it for the first time. The three-pointed in- 
flated capsule became the bladder, and when the seeds be- 
came loose I had a ready-made rattlebox, with no need of 
knife or material. Besides, the cost was nothing to the 
penniless boy. 


_ We all know the Sugar Maple and its delicious product, so 

typically American. How we pity the Old World people 
who never tasted it. Each species has a decided character 
of its own—sometimes purely local. Thus the Striped 
Maple or Moosewood is handsomer on Skaneateles Lake 
than I have seen it elsewhere, varying even then. The Ash- 
leaved Maple I have seen only in Clay and Cicero. 


Passing over these and others, the Virginia Creeper at 
once recalls its wondrous autumn tints, and the Basswood 
or American Linden suggests the: most delicious of all: 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 95 


honey. Nay, more, that last name recalls the days when we 
declaimed “On Linden when the sun was low,” with the 
stirring lines that followed. 


The white and roseate Mallows along the roadsides in 
Spafford seem to me specially fine, but I fear we have lost 
another in the Swamp Rose Mallow, of great size and fine 
color, once frequent around Onondaga Lake and in Seneca 
River. When I left Baldwinsville a fine plant glorified my 
garden, but my successor did not care for flowers. _ 


St. John’s Wort is known to all in more or less of its 
eleven local species. 


The Rock Rose or Frost Weed, which I found on the 
Onondaga Reservation in 1890, was hailed by Mrs. Good- 
rich as a new discovery a few years ago, and thus is not in- 
cluded in her list of 1912. As I used to report any thing 
new or remarkable at the time when found, I am inclined to 
think she forgot to record this, being cumbered with many 
eares. The plant is remarkable in its flowers. First comes 
a broad bright yellow flower which is terminal, but soon 
overtopped by axillary branches, bearing small clustered 
flowers having no petals. In late autumn crystals of ice 
sometimes shoot from the base, whence its popular name. 
These I did not see. 


I pass over the list of eighteen species of Violets. Pursh 
said they had at least a dozen kinds in all Pennsylvania. 
Many other plants I pass by till I reach the Hercules Club, 
which Dr. Munson said was rather frequent in one spot in 
Otisco. It has a maximum height of twenty feet but is 
usually much smaller. There follow this the American 
Spikenard and two species of Sarsaparilla, followed by Gin- 
seng, long an article of commerce, and recently sparingly 
cultivated for this purpose, apparently with small profit. 


In the Poison Hemlock it is to be noted that Britton, while 
using this name in describing the plant, says nothing fur- 
ther about poison, while Mrs. Goodrich says, emphatically, 
that it is ‘‘a virulent poisonous herb.” Again in the Water 
Hemlock, (Cicuta maculata) which Pursh described from 
Ephraim Webster as a quick and deadly poison, she says 
. nothing of poison, while Britton adds that word as well as 
the name of Beaver Poison. Again in the next species of 


96 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


this genus, the Bulb-bearing Water Hemlock, he mentions 
no bad quality; she adds the word “Poisonous.” We occa- 
sionally hear of people—children especially—who are poi- 
soned by eating the root which Pursh described in 1807. It 
it still found on the Indian Reservation. 


The Hydrocotyle umbellata or Many-flowered Marsh 
Pennywort was first observed on the Oswego River by 
Pursh, and was not reported again till I saw it on the Sen- 
eca River, above Baldwinsville, May 30, 1881, but not in 
flower. I was more fortunate August 5, 1885, finding it in 
bloom at that date. Whatever it may do elsewhere, it is 
found only in flowing water here—specifically the Oswego 
and Seneca, and probably the Oneida River, as I have found 
it in abundance a little above Three Rivers Point. Mrs. 
Goodrich’s statement is this: ‘Rare. Swamps. Have only 
seen few specimens, furnished by L. Underwood, from In- 
dian Reservation. Also Hoyt Farm, July, 1895.” Prof. 
Underwood had his specimens from me, and had some to 
spare. 


I think the above is curiously mixed up with the following 
on the American Marsh Pennywort, (H. Americana) “Rare. 
Swamp. Have found H. A. in one locality only, viz: Dr. 
Hoyt’s farm, east from Green Point. Reported by S. 
Cowles, Otisco. Found on Indian Reservation, August, 
1895.” I take it that Mr. Cowles found it there. There 
was an earlier first finding, August 12,1881. My daughter, 
Virginia, accepted an invitation from Mrs. Rust, then 
president of the club, to make an excursion over Onondaga 
Hill, through the Reservation and back as we chose. Quite 
a party went along. We lunched in the lowland, near the 
creek, and while the lunch was preparing and the coffee 
boiling, some went into a marshy place to see what could be 
found. In afew minutes my daughter’s find was the above 
plant, which she bore to Mrs. Rust. The latter exclaimed. 
She had searched everywhere, metaphorically, and here, 
before her eyes, another had found it after a few minutes 
search. That was how one of this genus was first found on 
the Reservation. It is presumed the two accounts became 
confused. To sum up, August 3, 1891, Profs. W. D. Dudley 
and W. W. Rowlee of Cornell University visited me in quest 
of rare plants, of which we got many, and we three are the 
only ones who ever collected H. umbellata in this county. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 97 


The Flowering Dogwood is quite common here, and in- 
deed occurs within the city limits and on the Indian Reser- 
vation. My first date for it was at Pine Hill, Van Buren, 
May 18, 1881. I had but just begun to record dates. Of 
course we all know that the seeming flowers are large white 
bracts, surorunding a small cluster of the true ones. A 
quaint and familiar small species of this genus is the Dwarf 
Cornel or Bunch Berry, from three to nine inches high, 
while the preceding species may attain forty feet. Of the 
six other species here, Pursh observed three. 


The Pepperidge or Sour Gum, a large tree, I have seen in 
Ohio but not here, where it was once abundant. Mrs. Good- 
rich had not seen it, but Mr. S. Cowles, of Otisco, had found 
it there. It is often called the Tupelo. 


The Wintergreen family I pass over, the nine species of 
the family being fairly familiar, though Mrs. G. classed 
three as occasional and three more as rare. The Winter- 
green we know best is the only one styled frequent. 


The Indian Pipe, though perfectly white in every part 
when first in flower, becomes black at full maturity—in- 
tensely black when pressed. The nodding flower also 
becomes erect. Mrs. G. found pink specimens near Lake 
‘Oswegatchie. Large numbers of those I found near Skan- 
eateles Lake were tinted in the same way. In a favorable 
season and place they may be seen on every side. An allied 
genus has the same general features, but the nodding flow- 
ers are from three to fifteen, and from white to yellowish 
and pink. Mrs. G. called it very rare and I would do the 
same, having found it in but one place as yet on Skaneateles 
Lake. The usual name is False Beech-drops, and some- 
times Bird’s Nest, which certainly sounds better. 


The Heath family leads off with Labrador Tea, an ever- 
green shrub, with terminal clusters of white flowers. Mrs. 
G. had hers from LaFayette Woods and Tamarack Swamp. 
I collected mine at Beaver Lake and Cicero Swamp. 


The Azalea or Wild Honeysuckle, the Pinxster Flower of 
the Dutch pioneers, I found, to my great delight, in my 
school days and straightway transplanted it. It is a lovely 
flower and found throughout the county, in wet places as 
well as dry. Two other species are listed for this county, 


98 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


the Swamp Pink or Honeysuckle, found by Mrs. Goodrich: 
in two places and classed as rare, and the Smooth Azalea, 
found in Otisco by S. Cowles, described as occasional in 
high, swampy woodlands. Britton places this in Southern 
Pennsylvania and North Carolina, quite a distance from 
Otisco. 


The rare Swamp Laurel is found here only in Cicero: 
Swamp, where my date is May 16, 1896, and Mrs. Good- 
rich’s in July, 1889. It is much like the Mountain Laurel, 
but is every way smaller. The Mountain Laurel I long ago 
saw in the Watkins Glen, and it has a wide range in the 
eastern and southern parts of the State. 


The Andromeda, or Wild Rosemary, Mrs. G. thought rare 
here, yet found it in Cicero and Tamarack swamps. I 
found it at the former and it was quite abundant at Beaver 
Lake, April 21, 1884. She collected it in June, 1899, which 
was about the end of its flowering season. The Leather 
Leaf is easier to find, and occurs at the last mentioned places: 
and others. 


The Trailing Arbutus likes both sandy and rocky ground, 
or a mixture of both. My first knowledge of it was at the 
Pine Woods, west of Baldwinsville, where it had long been 
gathered by the roadside. This was in April 1882, and I 
soon found that other patches were not far away. Mrs. 
Goodrich found it at North Syracuse, and some quite large: 
areas may be seen on both sides of Skaneateles Lake, where 
there is little sand. It is also called the Mayflower and is 
thus linked with the Pilgrims and their ship. Its great 
popularity has become its greatest peril. 


Of the Spring or Creeping Wintergreen, called Checker- 
berry by some, Mrs. Goodrich says ‘‘Plentiful everywhere,” 
which must be understood in a broad sense,—that of a wide: 
distribution. In many a fit place it will be sought in vain, 
but then, if it is found, you will be pleased with its spicy 
flavor. 

Huckleberries of several kinds are found. The list calls 


for ten, of which several are seen in our markets. They 
like places high and low, wet and dry. 


The large and small Cranberries both occur here but in: 
very small numbers. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 99 


Several kinds of Loosestrife are frequent and conspicu- 
ous, and then comes the pretty Star Flower, for which 
Pursh seems to have had a special liking and to which he 
gave its scientific name after much study. Beaver Lake, 
etc. Though somewhat rare here I found the Scarlet Pim- 
peruel in blossom in July, in Baldwinsville. Another name 
for this pretty little plant is the Poor Man’s Weather Glass, 
the flowers closing at the approach of rain. 


Four kinds of Ash trees occur here of varying importance 
and all well known. The early common term of a Black 
Ash swamp, sufficiently shows where one would be found. 


The Small Centaury or Bloodwort I found near Lamson’s 
in abundance, August 14, 1885, and in 1888 on the old fair 
grounds, south of Baldwinsville and on the west bank of 
Seneca River. A pretty but not conspicuous plant. Some- 
what rare. 


The Yellow Bartonia was omitted—accidentally, I think, 
as I had found it at Beaver Lake. It was called after Prof. 
Benjamin S. Barton of Philadelphia, who paid Pursh’s ex- 
penses at Onondaga and elsewhere. It is a small plant and 
in no way conspicuous, though from four to fifteen inches 
high and very slender. 


While Mrs. Goodrich listed six Gentians she placed but 
four of them in this county. Of these she considered the 
beautiful Fringed Gentian as occasional, and the Closed 
Gentian as infrequent, which it is not along the Seneca 
River. They bloom late in the autumn. 


The Buck Bean, which I first noted as being abundant in 
the Beaver Lake bog, May 21, 1884, Mrs. G. found in Cicero 
Swamp, June, 1900. In many ways it ig an interesting 
plant, and is probably confined to these two places. 


The Butterfly Weed or Pleurisy Plant is the most con- 
spicuous of our Milkweeds, while the common species is, of 
course, best known. The former, abundant on the Indian 
Reservation, reaches the north line of the county. 


The Black Swallow-wort was found by Mrs. H. N. White, 
in Syracuse in 1897, and was brought to me from a street in 
Baldwinsville, in 1900. The specimen was in flower and 
plucked from the vine, which measures from two to five feet 
in length. When mature the pods suggest the Milkweed. 


100 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


The Morning Glory family is well known, though the 
morning has little to do with some kinds. The four species 
of Dodder I have probably seen without looking up their 
specific names. They belong to a large genus of parasites, 
and the plants and flowers here vary from yellowish white 
to orange. It is a curious sight to see them in full vigor, 
yet apparently rootless. I have seen them mostly along the 
Seneca River. 


The Wild Blue Phlox varies from bluish, through lilac to 
white. I have found it in Skaneateles and on the Indian 
Reservation. The Moss Pink sometimes occurs in ceme- 
teries. 


The Hound’s Tongue was better known as the Tory Burr 
in my early school days. The Revolution left its memories, 
and Tories had been more troublesome than regular troops, 
and here was a plant that annoyed them in its turn. The 
other common name, suggested by the leaf, is but a simple 
translation of its Latin name, a dog’s or hound’s tongue. 


The Comfrey or Healing Herb also carries me back to 
early days. My mother used to get the roots, saturate them 
with sugar, dry and keep them for emergencies. When I 
got a bad cough or cold I took my medicine as a boy should, 
without a wry face. Was it efficacious? I celebrated my 
ninety-third birthday some months ago. 


Whatever else I have out one blue flower will remain— 
the Viper’s Bugloss—but why so called I cannot say. It is 
a stately plant, its bright blue flowers varying to violet pur- 
ple. It came from Europe, and Europe is a troubled place. 
It is a weed and weeds are troublesome as a rule. I first 
saw it in large patches on the Reservation many years ago; 
now it has invaded the waste places of Syracuse, where it 
will easily be disposed of, and where, for its beauty, it may 
some day attain dignity as a garden flower. 

There is another little plant here, mentioned only for its 
rarity, the Bugle Weed. It belongs to the large family of 
Mints, common and uncommon, useful and the reverse, 
which I pass over now with one exception, the Colinsonia or 
Stone Root, which the Indians dig and sell. 

In the Potato family comes the Low Hairy Ground 
Cherry, somewhat rare here, but found at South Onondaga 
and Baldwinsville, where I have seen it but once. 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 101 


The Jamestown Weed—Jimson Weed in pioneer days, 
and then common on roadsides and village streets—is now 
rare here. It has a wide range. One species is a favorite 
garden plant. 


The Wild Tobacco is that cultivated by the Huron- 
Iroquois for centuries and once giving a popular name to a 
Huron tribe. It is smaller than our tobacco, has greenish 
yellow flowers, and as a rule, is found only on the Reserva- 
tion, where it is used in various Indian rites. Mr. E. R. 
Smith grew some in his garden at Skaneateles, for awhile 
as a curiosity, and I did the same at Baldwinsville, one 
summer, to get small enough specimens for the Botanical 
Club’s herbarium. It is an acceptable offering to Hawane- 
yo, and to the Thunderers, Heno and his sons. 


The Figwort family here includes the Mulleins—one 
species sometimes reaching an enormous height—Butter 
and Egegs—Maryland Figwort, Snake Heads, Pentstemon or 
Beard Tongue, Monkey Flower, Speedwells of many kinds, 
and Wild Foxgloves the same. Then comes the very rare 
and beautiful Scarlet Painted Cup, found in but one place 
here and collected only by me and members of my family, 
though others have seen it. I first found it May 17, 1897. 
The tufted and conspicuous bracts are brilliant orange to 
bright scarlet, and the plants are usually in groups. 


Our two Louseworts are very common. 


Of the four Bladderworts I have found but two kinds. At 
Beaver Lake Bog, where I first found it in abundance 
August 11, 1884, and many times since, the pretty fragrant 
yellow flowers, on the tall and stout scape, are a striking 
feature of the bog. The Wild Yellow Foxgloves are con- 
spicuous on the Reservation, but rare elsewhere. 


In the Broom Rape family, though somewhat rare, the 
Naked or One Flowered Broom Rape has been found in 
Otisco, Baldwinsville and Syracuse. It is also called the 
Cancer Root. 


A very remarkable plant, the Squaw Root, (Conopholis 
Americana) which I found in Spafford in August, 1920, 
very near the east shore of Skaneateles Lake, I afterward 
found on the west side, quite high on the hill slopes. Mrs. 
Goodrich reported it in June, 1886, but had never seen it 


1022 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


until I brought her a manageable specimen. Since then my 
grandson, William B. Lodder, has found it in Hopper’s Glen, 
Onondaga Valley. It is parasitic, and has a large tuncated 
base, difficult to describe. 


Of our nineteen Plantains but one is classed as rare, and 
its only known station is now covered with Solvay refuse. 
Among others the Sea Plantain was found by the S. B. C. 
in 1900, and by me August 27, 1883, both on Onondaga 
Lake. 


Bluets or Innocence is very rare here, but the S. B. C. 
reported a few specimens on the Phoenix road in the sum- 
mer of 1895. That year I did no botanical work, but have 
an indistinct recollection of it near Brewerton at some other 
time. 


The Button Bush or Globe Flower is interesting but not 
beautiful, and is abundant on the Seneca River. It is said 
to be frequent in swamps and on borders of streams, but I 
do not recall it there. It is a shrub three to twelve feet 
high, the white flowers in a denge globular form. 


The beautiful Twin or Partridge Berry is found in ‘‘rich 
woods everywhere.” Not to be disappointed please add 
“often at wide intervals.” This delicate creeping vine is 
alike charming in flower and fruit. 


In the eleven species of the Bedstraw family found here I 
have noted but two, Torrey’s Wild Liquorice, found by me 
at Baldwinsville, June, 1890, and the Rough Bedstraw, at 
Dead Creek, two miles west of that place, July 12, 1880. In 
the others I felt no interest. 


The American or Sweet Elder has now its berries brought 
into markets as food. The Red or Poison Elder, is also 
common, with red berries, but the latter name is doubtless 
an error and apparently local. Our eight Viburnums I 
pass over, as they are somewhat conspicuous under varying 
names. 


The Feverwort or Horse Gentian, listed as occasional in 
Otisco and Fabius, June, 1898, I found on the Indian Reser- 
vation, May, 1913 and 1921. 


The Twin Flower or Ground Vine, listed as frequent on 
cold mossy ground, has been reported only at the Pine 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 103 


‘Woods near Beaver Lake. I found it there May 30, 1881, 
and Mrs. Goodrich, July, 1907. The general flowering sea- 
‘son is June-August. 


The Snowberry was reported at Green Lake, Jamesville, 
June, 1907. I found it on rocks, Skaneateles Lake, in my 
early days, but have not seen it of late. 


The Wolfberry, credited by Mrs. G. to Peppermill Gorge, 
ranges from Michigan and Minnesota westward to British 
Columbia, Kansas and Colorado. The Indian Currant, 
listed by her in Monroe woods, Camillus, is assigned to New 
Jersey and Pennsylvania, and west to Western New York 
and Dakota. 


Perfoliate Honeysuckle. Rare. Jamesville, June, 1899. 
I found it on west shore, Skaneateles Lake, 1920, and on the 
east shore in Spafford, 1922. The Hairy Honeysuckle I 
‘found in picturesque Whiskey Hollow, Van Buren, June 1, 
1896, and Mrs. G. in Orville Woods, July, 1899. The Glan- 
cous Honeysuckle I found in the Pine Woods, May 12, 1896, 
and also on Skaneateles Lake, 1921. It was found also on 
Jamesville Road, in June, 1899. I pass over some others. 
‘Bush Honeysuckle, of another genus, I found in the Pine 
Woods, and the S. B. C. on the Jamesville Road, June, 1898. 


The Valerian and Teasel families I omit. The Wild Bal- 
sam Apple and the Star Cucumber, climbing vines of the 
Gourd family, are found on banks of streams and are occa- 
sionally cultivated. 


The Hare-bell, sometimes called Blue Bells, is frequent on 
lime rocks and in meadows. The European Bellflower, 
escaped, is often found on roadsides. The Marsh Belifiower 
occurs at Beaver Lake and in Skaneateles, and the rare Tall 
Bellflower in the vicinity of the Kirkville Green Lake. 
Venus’ Looking Glass (Specularia) is of another genus of 
this family, is rare and has been found in Otisco. I col- 
lected it on the north bank of Seneca River, August 18, 1881. 
The genus Lobelia belongs to this family, though very unlike 
in appearance. The rich red Cardinal Flower was one of 
my early friends. The Great Lobelia, sometimes miscalled 
Blue Cardinal Flower, having a large spike of bright blue 
flowers, came later. The Wild Tobacco, the medicinal Lobe- 
lia, is common. Kalm’s Lobelia I have found at Cross Lake, 


108 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


but the Pale Spiked Lobelia has escaped me. Mrs. G. found 
it in the town of Clay. 


I have found the Wild Chickory, with its bright blue flow- 
ers, in Syracuse, Spafford and elsewhere. I pass over 
genera of this family, excepting to note that the Dandelion 
sometimes unites several stems and flowers in one, and that 
the Devil’s Paint Brush,—now a nuisance—is one of the 
most beautiful of our common weeds. 


Now comes the Ragweed family, the second genus of 
-which—the first in this county—bears the old classical 
name of Ambrosia, the food of the gods, the gift of which 
conferred immortality. Rather poor food that. I pass it 
by, and the following genus, to consider the Thistle family, 
a succession of surprises, for not a thistle appears till I 
come to the thirty-seventh genus mentioned in this county. 
Here and there I may mention a species. Thus we have the 
frequent Purple Boneset or Trumpet Weed, common in wet 
grounds. Common Thoroughwort or Boneset, good as a 
spring tonic. Of the Button Snakeroot I know nothing, but 
Mrs. G. has found our two species here. Of the Goldenrods 
she has listed twenty-one species, and around Skaneateles 
Lake, the nominally White Goldenrood (bicolor) includes 
nearly half the plants. Golden Rod was a terror to Mrs. G. 
Forty Asters and more are catalogued in this county, famil- 
iar Fleabanes and Everlastings, Elecampane, Yarrow of 
several kinds, Mayweed, Ox-eye Daisy, which appear like 
snowdrifts on some fields, the yellow Tansy, once famous 
for morning bitters, when temperance days were unknown. 
Lysimachia punctata, Spotted Looseestrife, has just been 
brought to me. I had not seen it before, nor is it in Mrs. 
Goodrich’s list. Another, which she reports, I had never 
seen before. It is Naumburgia thyrsifiora, Tufted Loose- 
strife, a difficult plant to identify unless in best condition. 
It is rare here. Then comes the curious Colt’s Foot, with 
flowers before leaves, the Groundsel, Burdock, and, last of 
all, the Canada Thistle, which was far down the Mohawk 
Valley in Pursh’s day. A hard fight the farmers had for 
many a day, but while still troublesome it is under control. 
Some years since I found a white variety in Skaneateles. To 
go back a little in this family, in August, 1921, my daughter, 
Miss Virginia, found the Centaury or Black Knap-weed 
(Centaurea nigra) in great abundance between Spafford 





PURSH’S JOURNAL 105 


village and the lake shore. Why it has the name of black I 
cannot tell, but the flower is rose-purple and much like a 
thistle in form. Mrs. G. received specimens but it was ten 
years too late for her book. 


Another plant probably grew here in 1807, though found 
by Pursh a little north of Oneida River and called by him 
Anona triloba (now Asimina triloba, or North American 
Pawpaw). His words suggest comparative abundance, as 
he said “‘I found plants of Anona triloba, the first I seen this 
season.” As it came from Pennsylvania it must have 
crossed Onondaga county, but a small part of which he had 
explored. In the wholesale destruction of plant life in 
pioneer days it is no wonder that even conspicuous trees 
have vanished. These were not large—ten to forty-five feet. 
high—and would scarcely be noticed by the average farmer. 
Ags the conditions were alike on both sides of Oneida River,. 
it seems fair to infer that, in a general way, trees, bushes 
and herbs were much alike also. It is not a certainty but it 
is much more than a possibility. 





Geranium maculatum I have from Spafford, near Skan- 
eateles Lake. Mrs. G. calls it common, but had her speci- 
mens from the north part of the county. Why it is called 
the Spotted Cranesbill I do not know. I find no spots on 
the flower or in its description. She credits another species 
as rare, but as found by L. Underwood in Howlett Gorge, 
July, 1893. This is the Carolina Cranesbill, and there is 
still another which I have not seen. While some of her 
species readily connect with Pursh’s names’ it is impossible 
to identify others, owing to modern revision of nomencla- 
ture, with some features of which we were both inclined to 
find fault. I add the five following plants to the Flora of 
Onondaga County: Trillium cernuum, Helianthemum 
Canadense, Lysimachia punctata, Bartonia tensella, Cen- 
turea nigra. I think some Spafford plants might be added 
to these. 


I regret that I could not give more from the “Plants of 
Onondaga County,” as it is on the cover, or the “Flora of 
Onondaga County,” as the title-page reads, but it is a book 
of 210 pages, too much to add to this. It gives no descrip- 
tions of trees and plants. These are to be found in larger 
volumes—but it is a guide book, telling when and where to 


1066 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


find plants desired, in a broad and wise way. It will not do 
everything, but it will greatly aid those who wish help of 
this kind. 


I conclude with some remarks on the field afforded by this 
county, and brief mention of some of those who have been 
interested in it. 


In 1878, as the result of lectures by the Rev. Dr. Samuel 
R. Calthrop, an enthusiastic botanist, some ladies in Syra- 
cuse formed the Syracuse Botanical Club, which has now 
carried on its good work for forty-five years. Mrs. Stiles 
M. Rust (Mary Olivia) was the first president, and was 
followed by Mrs. L. Leonora Goodrich in 1884, who held 
that office till her death, April 5, 19238. In those years a 
great work has been done and none too soon. 


The first writers on the Flora of Onondaga County were 
the Jesuit missionaries of 1657. Indeed they took in a 
larger field and rivaled the floral.catalogue of to-day. Here 
is a specimen: “The most common plant and the most 
marvelous of these countries, is that which we call the uni- 
versal plant, because its leaves, bruised, close up in a short 
time all kinds of wounds; these leaves, of the size of the 
hand, have the figures of the lily painted o n armor, and its 
roots have the odor of the laurel tree. The most vivid scar- 
let, the most brilliant green, and the yellow and orange most 
common in Europe, are inferior to the different colors, 
which our savages extract from the roots.” 


John Bartram, of Philadelphia, our earliest native botan- 
ist, was here in 1748, but said little in his journal of what 
he saw in that line. Linnzeus pronounced him “the greatest 
botanist in the world.” Many things show that his eyes 
were wide open, but his botanical notes were one thing, and 
incidents of travel quite another. Peter Kalm, who came 
through the Iroquois country some years later, illustrates 
this. He wrote of “Arum virginicum, Mr. Bartram told 
me the savages boiled the spadix and the berries of this 
plant, and devoured it as a great dainty.” Kalm had a 
good deal to say on the vegetable food of the Iroquois. The 
Ginseng is medicinal, and this is his note: ‘“‘The Iroquese 
or Five Nations call the ginseng root garangtoging, which, 
it is said, signifies a child, the roots bearing a fair resem- 
blance to it; but others are of opinion that they mean the 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 107 


thigh and leg by it, and the roots look pretty much like it.” 
To look at them both you would hardly think that the above 
name and the Onondaga word Da-kyen-too-keh are the 
same. Pursh we know all about, and so we come down to 
later men. 


John Goldie, who reported Aspidium Goldieanum, one of 
our finest local ferns, was here in 1819. His brief journal 
is in print but his botanical notes were lost by fire. Syra- 
cuse had not been dreamed of then, and he stopped at Salina 
two days, much to his disgust, which is thus expressed: “TI 
have never been in a more disagreeable and unhealthy place 
than this. At this time a number of people were sick with 
fever and ague, a disease which is always to be found here. 
If it were not for the salt works I believe this never would 
be a village. Sait forms the only circulating medium about 
this part of the country. When a person brings anything 
to be sold, the first question is ‘how much salt will he take?’ ”’ 
He used stronger words than these. 


In 1897, the late Dr. W. H. Munson, of Otisco, wrote me 
thus of a tree of a kind mentioned by Pursh: “I am sure 
that you will be glad to know that two or three miles from 
here, in Christian Hollow, south of Cardiff, and in the town 
of Tully, there still stands a solitary and veteran Kentucky 
coffee tree (Gymnocladus canadensis). It is a large tree, 
over two feet through all the way up to eight or ten feet 
from the gound, tall and symmetrical. It blossoms in full 
every July, and is then a glorious sight, standing in the 
eenter of a valuable field. The owner allows the tree to 
remain, at much loss to himself, for sentiment’s sake. I do 
not know of another tree of that species in this part of the 
country.” 


In Syracuse the Hon. Carroll E. Smith had several of 
these trees of moderate size, and there are others in the city. 

Dr. Munson continued: “Last summer I was informed 
that a strange tree, with leaves as big as a horse, grew ,over 
in the Diggins’ in the east part of this town. They told me 
that it was covered with thorns, and that the leaves all 
dropped off in the fall. My friend and neighbor, Mr. 
Cowles, accompanied me on the quest in July. This find 
proved to be Hercules’ Club, Aralia spinosa. We found the 
tree, thoroughly acclimatized, growing in large numbers 


108 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


(for a limited section) along a rocky hillside. We thought 
that the largest of the specimens were twenty or twenty- 
five, and perhaps more, years old. The wide spreading | 
leaves, with their great petioles, were as big as a horse, too; 
and when the people saw then drop in the autumn they 
thought the boughs had fallen off. We have neither of us 
seen this Aralia growing in Central New York, except ‘in 
the Diggins.’ ” 


My father imported some of these, with other nursery 
stock, in 1848, but I do not know what became of them. 


Perhaps the first systematic list of plants published here 
was that in Hon. George Geddes’s agricultural report of 
1859, entitled “List of Weeds Troublesome to the Agricul- 
turist in Onondaga,” and was prepared by my sister, Miss 
Mary E. Beauchamp. It comprised but sixty-nine kinds, 
the wild asters, golden rod, and some others, not being dis- 
tinguished by species. Mr. Geddes’s masterly report had 
much to do with the native trees of this county and their 
range. I copy most of what Mr. Geddes says of forest trees, 
retaining only the English names, and making some other 
omissions. 


“A great variety of forest trees were indigenous in Onon- 
daga county. The forests here were originally dense, and 
the timber generally heavy. Large forests of white pine 
grew in the north part of the county, and smaller areas of 
this valuable timber were found along the base of the Hel- 
derberg range, and a few scattering trees grew even above 
the corniferous limestone. There were some valuable pines 
in the swamps of the southern towns, but not enough to sup- 
ply the demand. Along the south line of the Gypseous 
Shales were some trees of uncommon dimensions. .. . 


“White Cedar abounded in the swamps north of the Hel- 
derberg range, and in small quantities amongst the pines in 
the southern swamps. This timber has furnished the 
materials for a large part of the rail fences in this county. 
Hemlock was very plenty in almost every part of the county, 
but was most abundant in the northern half. This valuable 
timber has been used extensively for building, fencing, and 
making plank roads. Two varieties of Spruce, black and 
white, are found in the swamps, but not in size sufficient to: 
make it of-any great value. Tamarack is found in the same 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 109 


locality with the Spruce. Red Cedar, of which but few 
specimens can now be found growing, was formerly pro- 
cured in small quantities around the head of Skaneateles 
Lake, and used principally about the village of Skaneateles. 


“White Oak grows in abundance on the limestone soils. 
The gypseous shales were generally covered with a stinted 
growth of white oak, for the whole width of the county, east 
and west. The town of Otisco had large forests of this 
valuable timber, some parts of which yet remain. Some 
very large oaks were found on the low lands north of the 
Erie canal, and scattered among the scrub oaks of the gyp- 
seous shales. One of them, at Fairmount, was saved when 
the other timber was cut away, aS a monument; but, de- 
prived of its surroundings, it soon died, and of necessity 
was cut down. The stump was five feet in diameter, and 
forty feet above—where it was somewhat elliptical in form 
—its two diameters measured, the one four feet and six 
inches, the other three feet and ten inches. A block cut 
from this tree is still in existence. 


“Black Oak, and some other varieties, were also found in 
this county. Two species of Hickory grew in abundance 
on the lime rocks with the oaks. Red Elm and Ironwood 
are found on the same soils, while the wet lands abound in 
the Swamp White Elm, Black Ash, Black Birch, Swamp 
White Oak, and the Sycamore. The Tulip Tree, the Bass- 
wood, White Ash, Sugar Maple, the Cherry and the Chest- 
nut, abound on the lime rocks, and on the hills of the south 
part of the county. There were many other kinds of timber 
found in the county, but the most important have been 
given. The progress of improvement has swept away these 
once noble forests. 


“From the first settlement of the county the ‘oak lands,’ 
as they are called by the farmers, have been proverbial for 
their ability to produce wheat; and that belt of land, once 
covered with oak and hickory, is the true wheat land, while 
the beech and maple lands are best adapted to grazing, and 
the pine lands are generally well suited to both grain and 
grass.” 


I wag tempted to give Mr. Geddes’s account of the orderly 
succession of the rocks of this county, and their relations to 
our local plants as I suppose them, but this is unnecessary. 


* 


110 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


By indicating some of the highest and lowest points any one 
can see that elevation, as well as soil, is an important factor 
in plant life. Onondaga Lake is 364 feet above the sea, 
though this is more than the water line below Phoenix. The 
map credits a western branch of Cicero Swamp with 365 
feet, the great eastern branch discharging into it, being 
thirty feet higher. Oneida Lake is 370 feet above mean 
tidewater, and Beaver Lake is 425, its waters flowing far 
north into the Oswego River, through a moderately level 
country with a sandy soil. South of Syracuse we are among 
gradually ascending hills, steep and full of rocky ravines, 
until we reach Ripley Hill in Spafford at a height of 1,986 
feet, and an isolated hill in Fabius at 2,015 feet. The ex- 
pected happens. You find life in the highlands that is 
absent from the lowlands, and perhaps still more if you 
reverse the case. The soil is different, the conditions differ- 
ent, and so must the results be, as a rule. Some forms of 
plant life easily adjust themselvs to varying conditions, 
living almost anywhre, but having their best development 
where the environment is most favorable. 


Beaver Lake bog and Cicero Swamp have their similar 
unique floras; the Green and White Lakes of DeWitt and 
Manlius have those of another kind; the Tully Lakes, in a 
broad way, have another, while Onondaga Lake, with its 
salt springs, has plants otherwise found only on the sgea- 
shore. Of some of these plants we may well ask, How did 
they get here? 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 111 


TRIBUTE 
To Lucy LEONORA GOODRICH 


To Mrs. L. Leonora Goodrich, Librarian of the Onondaga 
Historical Association and President of the Botanical Club, 
whose death occurred April 5, 1923, the following tribute 
was paid by the Onondaga Historical Association on May 
11, 1928, by a rising vote of its members, and it is hereby 
printed as a memorial to one who did so much for the study 
of botany and its history in Syracuse: 


The passing of Mrs. L. Leonora Goodrich has severed a 
prideful link with the past. By her indefatigable research 
in history and science; by her love of those things which 
give to ancestral life due credit for the progress of our 
period, and by constant and persistent effort in the accom- 
plishment of things worth while, Mrs. Goodrich has left 
a memoria! with this Association that is indelible. That 
is the story of a life spent for others. But it was her sweet- 
ness in the gift of herself to things that make for a larger 
and more appreciative world that she made the friendship 
that was akin to a family relationship with those with whom 
she came in eontact. To write of her life is like writing 
of the dearly loved of one’s own family. 

Born at Onondaga Hill July 2, 1831; educated first in the 
Stone School House at Onondaga Valley, later attending 
Miss Amelia Bradbury’s Seminary in Syracuse, and at the 
age of 19 beginning the great work of teaching, a vocation 
by which later in life she was destined to so remarkably 
impress her personality and ability upon so many thousands 
of a coming generation, Mrs. Goodrich lived a life that was 
completely filled with endeavor for humanity. Mrs. Good- 
rich was the daughter of General Orrin and Susan B. Hut- 
chinsen, her mother being the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. 
Simeon West, pioneer settlers of Onondaga. 

Afitter a year’s teaching in Marcellus, Mrs. Goodrich took 
up the same work in Syracuse, continuing it for two years, 
until 1853, when she wedded Mr. George Goodrich. Mr. 
Goodrich died in 1872, when Mrs. Goodrich again took up 
teaching, retiring in 1898, at the age of 67, close upon 
thirty years having been devoted to teaching. This long 
period of public school work was spent in the Prescott and 
Clinton schools, the principal’s chair of the latter school 


112 ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


having been occupied by Mrs. Goodrich for sixteen years 
before her retirement. 

Mrs. Goodrich was more than a pioneer in public school 
work—she was a pioneer in that method of interest in the 
teaching of facts of life which many years afterward was 
recognized by the term “vocational,” for to her study was 
living and she made her subjects living. She brought sci- 
ence into everyday life; she gave her pupils of her deep 
and rich knowledge. For her all nature and especially the 
flowers were personal. She had the capacity to make them 
personal to others. Into many lives she brought living 
things that have gone on and on, an influence of untold 
value. For thirty years she was president of the Botanical 
Club of Syracuse, before and after it became a branch of 
the Onondaga Historical Association. It might be truth- 
fully said that Mrs. Goodrich was the Botanical Club, so 
closely woven with it was her thought and life. Her botani- 
eal contributions to literature are of great value, marking 
epochs and a chronicling of the county’s botany as it had 
never been done before. Few counties in the country pos- 
sess such a complete catalogue, thanks to the wonderful 
work of Mrs. Goodrich. Her original work and discoveries 
have written her name in prominent type upon the scientific 
records of the State. 

Yet, withal, she found time for other things which mark 
the progress of humanity. Mrs. Goodrich was one of the 
first women in Central New York to work in the cause of 
woman suffrage; she was a member of the old Politica} 
Equality Club and of the Auxiliary of the Hospital of the 
Good Shepherd, and her work in charitable and benevolent 
organizations was manifold. :-For nearly her entire life she 
was a member of the May Memorial Church, indeed long 
before it had its present name. And in this Onondaga His- 
torical Association she was more than a mere member and 
worker, for she gave to it so much that no simple resolution 
may hope to chronicle it all. Hers was the fullest of lives, 
and, at close upon the age of 92, it has found repose, and, 
in that repose the Board of Directors of this association 
wishes to add this to the rich memories of that life: 

Resolved, That in the death of Mrs. L. Leonora Goodrich, 
this Association has been bereft of one of its staunchest and 
most valued members; and 


PURSH’S JOURNAL 113 


Resolved, That her life is a finer memorial than it is 
possible for the hand of man to erect; and 


Resolved, That the spirit of research in history and sci- 
ence which she has inculcated in so many thousands will 
be carried on to the best of our ability; and 


Resolved, That, while our deepest and most sincere con- 
dolence go to those who were closest to her, we feel that 
we must praise with them the Kind Providence that per- 
mitted us to share the blessings of such a complete life; and 

Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the 
minutes of this Board. 


ht 


yy; 


at 





GENERAL INDEX 


Page 
amtroduction to. first PubD]CATION. .0..0:..-ccersaressoanncesunnencmnne 3 
PENUGT 6) LONOUGH HOTT iescsscecitsdeelessecssriahee Sener dan Nets baal Si 
Adder’s Tongue, Yellow, Erythronium Americanum... 8' 
Andromeda polifolia, Wild Rosemary................s0ssscccceees 98 
POR GERE VON Oe go Enel ML AM AMAL aieel Bae eral lll a a 65 
American Bladder Nut, Staphylea trifolia.......... DRG oe 94 
Apple, Sweet-scented Crab, Malus coronaria..............+« 92, 
fpios tuberosa., Ground (Nut eee ls scesasmcdboccebanses 93 
FCAT SE gate Og Vie Sok ENT CREE AY LMS Rey EL ORSINI 81 
Anona triloba, now Asimina, North American 
LES SEP EE Uda SARI Ui Ria by alate pee HS ALE a LO ae SR ay 47, 66, 105 
Aquilegia CO lanaaie: Wild Columbine..............0008 nase sor Roe 
Apocynum cannabium, Indian Hemp............. NP Mh rece) 41 
Aralia nudicaulis, Wild Sarsaparilla................csessscsees wees Se AO 
PAFOLNTIAE ADIT DOSA,) ATCUNUSAL....c)cccocceccecoceocccdocaeeehamtessrgecenn 89 
Asclepias tuberosa, Pleurisy root..........ccesccccceeeeees Sebel 38 
Asplenium Scolopendrium, Hart’s Tongue............ wo, 44, 66 
Asplenium rhizophyllus, Walking Fern................0 Bay 44, 
Ash, Mountain, Sorbus Americana..............cscccccccssrseees UBS 
ROE OCOS TE OUP ict ee eee enc uloe lsd eevceesaauol gouges’ tale ohh OO 
Arum triphyllum, Jack in the Pulpit................. Ten 44 
Agelesd nudifiora, Pinxter FQ Wer .....::.cccscesca-com}eaceoncrenanrs 18, 97 
PEATE CET S J OULT AOI el cai cole cececcotc'coueapueadhnwnansegene 106 
Balsam Fir, Abies balSameads..css.c.ncecerscceessccanccane COE ae! ‘cout Wil oee 
Bartonica, Yellow, B. Virginica.................00« ek Vaumeneen 
BSS WOOG a DIA) AINCLICATIAL o soccscc lsc vodesesleccnesect woswaceencaena 12, 94 
WATER AN OOS tcc n tere Une cd faule UN A Pcie, ec anen vee 13, 62 
OCA NES COLIN oo os cok sodas ceo testa e doula alae bees seeeh Cuan eee es 30 
Reauchampcyin Obes!) Wie Mee ile ee eee a lcs Colca 60 
BMG SC PAW eT ATIIVO ese, sieceke alter regt a ate laud OLDE Ain NDE AR 102 
Bellflower genus, or Campanula........ SECURE SUNY IN DURE pan 103 
12S MECH aT RAN Si Gli EL NO Ra ie a AS ye i oi 32, 
Black Viper or Blowing AQdeM.....cerovcsenssesanesecasesennnnsesses 12 
Black Swallow-wort, Cynanchum nigrum,..........ccccccee 99 
IS Uer Nits SCADDVICACErITO Mais. ictissehclevcdsece css dusmataunns 94 
Bladderworts, Utricularia..............ccoce- See ate RET ie Ware 101 


Blazing Star, Chameelirium luteum.............ccccceccscecceeees 86 


Blitum capitatum, Strawberry Blite......................cccccee. 90, 39 
BONeSel PEN UR Me MOL NEU ERE RAGE NWN IL LIN AN ies 104 
BOCLYVC RIUM LENE DOSTTI ere UU GUNG SCA WAU) aI 83 
Botrypus virginicus (of Pursh alone)................cccsseeeeees 40 
Button Bush or Globe Flower, Cephalanthuas................ 102 
Buck Bean, Menyanthes trifoliata.................cccsccossccossses 99 
Callatpalustris; Wald Callao i emma yne te, st 24, 86 
Gahbare VSKUN lene OR aN LEAs Ue Meme needy tery 86 
Ga hagre Star eeu ee EEE TNT BEES LNA BD UROL een 22 51 
Galoporon: ‘or Grass cPink ei sue ee eee Leute: 89 
Carrion WMO Wer Yee Le eT NL THALES Rae UD Muate neva Rg 88 
Cardinals Flower eee ee a cus ese aunt a Maan 50 
Carpinus Ostrya, Ironwood and C. Americana, Water 

AB e(216) see OMT LOR NUR DEE HAARO Bebe teluia ied ule au il a MAE), Pane 43 
Castilleja coccinea, Scarlet painted Cup.............cccccesessees 101 
Gavuta HGreek ey Cee Mt) cos NERS ate Uncen any Oe atE 34, 64 
Canada Ti ste ee eee Ue OE a Abe aye ai a 56, 67 
Cedar Rediand' Whiter cer i. Buri RU Via IER ay nnn Oat 86 
Centaurea NIST a er a PaO Caner au me ME Ni anc 104 
Gettis occidentalis, (Hackhberryc eek ee a 89 
CHAN VE OE TOUCHE A Se Ue eR eRe na Gs anes De 
Changesin classifying (plants it cell eee dares 82 
Chara dragilishh eather’ beds en arate enn) 39, 49 
CNOKC TROD OT LY eee ANE SL Aun een aan ML cn Nera 44 
CNET ANOS ARN rae MTOM Tey Ae ON UES eo URan ee age 33; 60 
CHICK ORY, AW LI ee OD Ue ECGs SIU na ae Ae KO 104 
CICUTACIMACIIATA aero aa rae) cL nee NOUN, Ok anu UUiAD an Ar anNEr as 42, 66 
Classification of Onondaga trees. as 108 
CLEMATIS! VIF SINICA Cer Me Ne NRCG EAT Ca 9 
Clintonia borealis, Yellow Clintomnita................ccccccesssessees 87 
CDT ADNI VETS ay ee nC.) cu nrome ae nC an ante tie nn 82 
Glib Masses Ll is ANON ROL ORLY DBL TAs BAL os NUR IR 84 
CORAM DIES AN Cy Lert EMU Laie AAG IMNi aa Miser nina UBT MUUL UU 21, 63 
COROST UCC NSE CUI a) SUL CBU) MaRS Oy Monae 44, 40 
CEOTMET EMG eC EHS HUNSTANTON ene 100 
Conopholis Americana, Squaw Root............sccccccsssssccceeees 101 
Cornus alternifolia, Green, OSlery..icce oie ec ccc lac sensoeaces 40 
Wormus stolonitera; Red!Osier ong ee as 48 
Cornus florida, Flowering Dog wo0d................ccscccsssssses 5, 97 
CYAN DERE Y  MALrSnes Mee i ee Oa aN Ma fe oH aie 16 
COP AT DEETIOS Yh URE TAN IMEI GE Sie SUDO AEN DUT aR sien 98 
Crowfoot, White and Yellow Water...............ccccccccssssssees 91 


GCusickmAl bert; and cP red Nic vce uaecdsecceleeeveterese: 67 


Page 


CV DFID CUI ACAI WTC ecco ik lasesesdeteoleesaccacecsesess 29, 63, 88 
Cynoglossum: officinale, | Tory Durr 2. cicideiessescssscccaselocscs 99, 39 
DAISY CR -CV Ove mr ie initiate: coe teeny ate ciara, iin TN aL 104 
DESCRIPTIONS: DY VICSULES etry. rites te ere eekees Coietseeens laSecneesauutes 106 
Hentariay rh epper op Crinkle, ROO sce iticseercivccececsnveuses 29 
Direar palustris.» MeathenvwOood sce letiee el tiarctoesdecdeseeee: 44-6 
LIGUCELNMDALASILIC Lk ela ney AMM MAM nnuyC LULL 100 
PEEOSOTA i: OUNCE W ents ureis eee Meae tere ere tia ane aba hen eae 30, 92 
Bu ldery Berry, SAMDUCUS isi eckiss ceceree che Latest eeeesenuelee save 102 
LIVI SB trace aks ee nce aM tec As, CRN ARIE Me Mien tye Ne, 89 
Epigea repens, Trailing: Arbutus...........c.cccccccsseeseees 63, 16, 98 
EQUIDMONt OLE UTS Hee an ky cleat eae ne ate tv ea Ciena 61 
Erythrea centaurium, Blood wort................cccccccosssssssesees 99 
HMveroreenss: OCNen etre ei \ sean ae aac Mar ne a Ci 85 
HernsGrape Obs DOUrY CHIUMGersseserccsassceeeti tachi rtsdacencrens 82 
RE CINS? OTNEN SPeCles ei Me doce eelurweeln uur res hace see ec hua 83 
Flora of Onondaga, by Mrs. Goodrich ee 81 
PHOMPCOLSY OL Loon book Ga tea rts norusen Nate Lue OM EGLO Danan niaonda Ui Hal 106 
BOSSIP Sell suey ae Wha TE MO Wel PE AU mae RON DI Aner ah no 1Si3s 
‘Fossil Cactus: as TNE SUPDOSEC cuir uc cceetent el teaeeticcueske 20 
PUP ITI SOC MAVELLECWOTT Ii ueton: cour atts leans ols cuamen Conn URNA! Oke 94 
RE OSE CECI eerste purine tee lice ta esante tude Cheer eu ERD ea detenesday ona gied 95 
Manor Qiist: of) 200 siecle nae Me na, anne (Manual Ri als sean 86 
Geddes, James and George...........ccccccsssccsssscseees 40, 43, 66, 108 
Byes aN EEN A ey ot yaks MENA caeL TONED id i AU abated De ila UNL ats OM ENT ig 99 
Geology And (Scenerven een ON Mies neu 62 
Gerardi flava And DULPULe al wire cccelacecccubesstaseurenceuraes dale 46, 52 
Geranium Robertianum and maculatum.................. 8, 93, 105 
CIN SONS CRANE ei ee eee ere sg esaaeenec unser aGnS wd 9 
Goldie Journal JOHN oes feta scetideeee celle toes 107 
Golden Rod ey oc aa Meu Un Rescue oy Mp Oy er Ou umn t 104 
ORIEN OS 11s UDR aia treba PE es CERIN TVG a ER aa MAU TUL NSA A AN, RAN 86 
(ISSO Gh PAVTASSUG tices eer iaeive lees es econ Ceeatt nen aM 92 
PO VOUN CG NOLEY cic iccsige recep ete es rene eae ened Cuda Coney aliney bas 100 
Ground Hemlock) Taxus) Daccata wes elaeseeeetes 86, 94 
Eelleborine Mani Orehidn ss cm cesdeusecevartaaeecesend ccs 89 
Fepersi imi bOtATICALS WOT Kiel sircssiecececvedetedinestorec teeta svecsues 81 
be mlockae BEGGS. 02 Vinh ors CCM Ge es SZ rae aniaae mbar eee alatcl as cays 85 
Hemlock@Ww ater and Roioniic sedi erie oe gienccesvaueee 95 
PROT CULES CLD iiccutecleceeee eco ccacee Satemee etree eek sate eee i taadentns 95, 107 
SURPLUS Ld [Tay pon OU ARO NES a oP OO ELE VON 4 DLR Mi Na 108 
Horse) Gentian Ors Hever-wWoOrt. ni iiiscicescscnecessectecoesecesseters 102 


BHoustonta. COeriled  BINeIS He ire ene eee nt 102 


Page 
TO WRCR RUDD liceocies econce cee andere tea Ree tee ss cima a teacae sta nuenn eg 10: 
ETT CIGD OETIOS ay iin, lack ke oc guun Neca contemads ha ate vekadasammart ons caseaaamans 98. 
Bard roty le vAMericanas is ee litsaesresteeumerns ue eaumanees 23, 96. 
Hirdrocopvic WIM DELATA LL aiicsscncs caste eeatensnece tamales setae 47, 65, 96 
TR OITA EIS eck CRN aN dre MOB Rue Oe ak eisai 97 
NB eN TRE tss EVAL eee MnD ED EORMM Soy TIPO RIKLUG SUL tbe eg UME, bo 
TRETOCUCTION (CO NYSUOOO KS eerie cee aun ee rataes aes BS 
IENBGR (ANd GOL Tes eek eluy acsee pores eatas Week MenmnaeUS eer theca 35 
EATIOR EO WA UV COC lire iesclone li celk ent ceus scape ccey Mey at meen a Uae wey aaah 101 
BOUT AGE UPS Societe ere eee e tice Ruan uence aeey pt ae Eee cs de 5: 
Pay Dee a VEN at aYey eb) | RRMA PELE mE GOD RO TA UN INLSNON GNU INTL Aut alii 61 
OTITIS TOW Tiel ee ue rete rakes ce co eo clar at JON nuan nas Veue UIE as a 55: 
Halim ’s WNOTES POLO Rela ON aie ec nena 106: 
Kentucky Coffee Tree.................. POP SHOU Ah 52, 938, 107 
luarge! Round-leaved (Orch e eeeee  esceuane as 88. 
Lands: and Nature Ot SUrrace eee ee aio 110 
BEN b ages Birsrenii de 04) Opa NOD MBN Up LCRA US RADIA aS ANE SAAS CURUAS Cur a aly 98: 
Daly Wood (OY ROU un Norrie is tueeel esduen tet ebaeueGinta ame 34, 64, 87 
BATA SUS ESeVs Cay MMM eine COTA TER NON WLM a A UI Ge pty OMT AN et 87 
Malye W NICOHIW ATAT Uw, UlE INET eels Mago eo 49° 
Last of troublesome,’ Barly. i csecslivsses eeamassananaueeess sagen 108 
PAStOrIAVAUSEL ALIS. hee Velie a Sone a sai aul ing OS a ape aaa 89° 
CLO HEUER UTS sce, ec Us oe a MAL he TA NR Desa erie eu ay 54 
Livernoonon, Little Ireland cig ae eee 3 45: 
MUO OO AR sii, luc. lath (olusneahiscerysatuauenuuccenU tees Re clat ev aleeeec came mene 103 
BOOSOSTPIDE! SPOLLE Gee cics eaccteu ee alees Cokie aes sta a rar 104. 
PATI VV LIC hiss edevegs tec ous duces Uneterude Werecmetpea ncaa bl aia etmamealianas 93. 
PW BP AES A seh CERRO aap cee A A BS CNMI AUR ORR! NOUN Gap SC to at 95: 
Mandrake COMMON: ccuiccscevtsseussesey seteewbebocsveeuus there nee 11, 91 
Magnolia acuminata, Cucumber Tree................sccese0 35, 64, 90 
MEAD GUPIOUS UA ir Cuii ny aly env unhOMeny cus Va get leu oe Marea nD 14. 
TY OEY 6] Pek AUR Ray A SIND MID GMPD coe NAMIE OA NRG CU LEMAR UNL OTS Gt Us LANL 94. 
DEEFCHUTY, | NTCC-SCECEUL osc cciisnsselodetubceadscbcghele tes ceau ead Wn 94. 
PUL PI ELTA LTT sec clonee sete tie al cs Cea ian wes ee ten Lea g ess Cau ges 51 
Mil wore Purple ely ures tisp teen iniel unre ga) esse igen. 93 
DET ISU Soe CWA LIN RN Meee Copa ce acs as See 11, 62: 
MICHeHARrODENS Cet ee lees Cua Manor meet awa he UU bas 25 
WETCPEWONTS tek sie Oe 2 aN TR Re Oy Tay BEER AES Oa ae 92: 
MOSS Rg eee PN Ok hae es CTU aia SD oe Re 86: 
DV GUD 662) ok nat ea Ae i eet op na ULC RC UG EAM ORAM a iuRAny g ual (poy 37, 64. 
Names ol iplante added eee eee ge ene ac ame eae 105 
Nicotiana rustica, Real Tobaceoiiu io eccscscsaoseecccnasedee 101 


LOTOL A PTV OL serene Der IIRC EOI EN TD A 0athn ed Pew 46» 


CneidaINdlain Villageer etic lhatscccsest calor itee 54 
CANOE DB ree ede tee rere eke Cee eee Leese LE ney nt ea tate 65 
Onondaga Indian names of our Flora.............. keeecceseseeees 67 
MMONC AS AE CO.) HOR a eee ere nT en aa ESE Wa Rs 81 
WOE TANIZALION ‘OL ry Misco eee erie e tae edt avec cletees 106 
POPPIES tit tas sce yc Clete eel nett es Rte cleaned eter duet te deeee te epee cies satis 88 
Orchis bifolia 28, 42, and spectabilis.......... ec eeeeeccceeees 28 
WOronbiumy Golden cOlup nv relsh eee eee ete ee veel ic ectthe 16, 86 
COSTTUTIOAS Le emnineus LeUe aka y wary MRT ia oMtnne, wont LMn 83 
MOS WEP) 47. and TOA, TOM rere cetleera lela telat seeameneers oaae AG 
Cswer ot Coc Plante ed ater ee epee reece Suan and Bey 66 
AO eT Oy) te OPER ED LoNted It thle Ral Ne Men canbe panna MINS RUR, | 37, 64 
ABA CeTea Operate Papa i be BU a mi | ShGg Pc eb Wau aa UPR as Saeaeh OU MARR 33, 63 
TALIS ACCLOSEL Ai eater tlm tee Meda TL, vay 17, 63 
PAIATING CHUrCH in ee mentee cela tare engin est meee 54 
ADA We) ANON GELYUMO Uae cclatcce te etch hettitse ce thcsuuecn toy tee 66 
PArtrid Pen Berry oei aes chee ecco eer eee a nate taser aes 102 
PEP PELId PO. OF SOUT: GUM eee ose ei scccodechosedectileteMieceeceaaes 97 
Pigeon) Peat eos ae EE CS las ghia di 28, 63 
BIOS re ate tere er EURO CURE ANP eat ann TILA 85 
fA 1b rad a ac REL mE Mr Lk Ra aR Ae al 90 
PiteherPe lant, Sarraceniane no i tee meee. cae 16, 91 
SARS TAR NAb Haina hABIT EA RS TE Jol id RA Aan ee NH SSN AL UN ng 103 
OG ONTAS i ecaerccs reece ic tanto tees ielasc en deleted oe Rete cc nat 88 
TOR B-WECU teecic rier iaceseceeerteie ate tye core catenin. oun Mana gts Vie 90 
GOK ONO MOUNGRIT iG fice tate aug tee Cr oun aM ata ati 14 
HoOmpey, ANd Vath s) Walls ticle acsterarleseuetdecteserse! 51, 67 
POONOUS DIBNTSe et cour ticecietetecc recor taecce sec teetenarietescraee 95 
PSTIGKU VIA SI ee arene eal, Hine Cou (cc ve agutin Meum nan ewe, SRL 38, 93 
BETIN CGS? PING. eee terse eet erer es eee ea tear ereaee nee 12, 62 
Pura nti OnOndagareucs sue le Orc oil ceage Leu ing 61 
Pursh’s plant names so far identified...............cccccsssesscees 719 
Pursh) starts: from! Philadelphians costeie veers. 5 
CUB TRY GS kad Die Aiea ee BOOM RRL 1 0. Fe A haar RRR MOLE NDS Hat anitaeea ee al Oe 
WV CDSLOD GUD OLAII Ceti icr ratte ee tyne ete ecciue LL re Lueie 65, 40, 42 
VVOOUSIAT LIVETIAIS: a irteccelecterlssnee pecte cous feemecneiesceeata as neeeites 83 
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